lecture exam #3 Flashcards
what is the difference between radial and spiral cleavage?
protostomes have spiral cleavage, each cell stacks up in between each other.
deuterostomes have radial cleavage, each cell stacks right on top of each other.
what does it mean to be diploblastic vs triploblastic
diploblastoc has two layers and triploblastic has three
what layers are in diploblastic
endoderm and ectoderm
what layers are in triploblastic
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
what is schizocoely origin in the coelom
schizocoely is the cleavage of protostomes and the blastopore becomes the mouth first.
what is enterocoely origin in the coelom
eneterocoely is the cleavage of deuterostomes and the blastopore becomes the anus first.
what is acoelomate? what organisms have this
the mesoderm covers the entire inside. Phylum Platyhelminthes is an example
what is pseudocoelomate? what organisms have this
pseudocoelomate the mesoderm lines the ectoderm but not the endoderm. Phylum Nematoda
what is coelomate? what organisms have this
A true coelomate is when the mesoderm covers both the endoderm and ectoderm. Phylum Annelida and beyond.
what characteristics are used to distinguished protostomes and deuterostomes?
protostomes develop the mouth first and deuterostomes develop the anus first.
what are the four extraembryonic membranes and what are their functions in amniotes?
amnion- the membrane that forms the fluid cavity
chorion- under the shell, encloses all the membranes
allantois- storage of metabolic waste during development, exchange of O2 and CO2
yolk sac- stores yolk to provide nutrients to embryo.
monotremes-
mammals that lay large yolky eggs resembling bird eggs. ( duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters)
What is integument? What is its function?
integument is the outer covering of the body. The function is protection from abrasion, sunlight, and bacteria, Gas exchange, coloration, secretion, and moisture proofing.
Why doesn’t Phylum Porifera have actual epidermis? What cellular layers does Phylum Porifera have?
Instead of an epidermis, their tissue wall only has 2 layers of cells (no tissues). The layers that they have is the pinacoderm, which contains pinocytes and porocytes, and the gastroderm, which contains choanocytes.
What are unique cells or characteristics that invertebrates have in their integument? How are those traits or characteristic
useful for their lifestyle?
They have a delicate cell membrane, single layer epidermis(tissue), some have additional cuticle for over the epidermis for additional protection.
What is a true exoskeleton?
it will not grow with the organism
What organisms have an exoskeleton?
Mollusca, arthropods, invertebrates
What cells make the material of the exoskeleton?
What layers make up the cuticle?
epicuticle- outer, protein and lipid (protection and moisture proof layer
procuticle- inner, protein and chitin
What are the two different ways that the cuticle can harden? How are they different from each other? Provide examples
of organisms that utilize each method.
calcification and sclerotization. Calcification is calcium carbonate in the outer layers of the procuticle(lobster, crab)
Sclerotization is the formation of protein, sclerotin, cross linkages between the bonds of the proteins(insects)
chromatophores:
warning camouflage. Attaches muscle contracts, expanding cells and changes coloration.
found in the dermis(ectotherm) or epidermis(endotherms)
What types of tissue make up the epidermis and dermis of a vertebrate?
Epidermis: strata/stratum corneum
dermis: connective tissue
How is the epidermis of amphibians different from that of reptiles?
in amphibians the epidermis has large amounts of keratin that prevents water loss and abrasion. It is a relatively thin layer. The epidermis of reptiles is thicker, more keratinized, and less permeable to water.
Scales – who has them? Where do they originate from? How are the different between the different vertebrates?
fish- dermal bone gives rise to dermal scales that don’t go through the epidermis but close to the surface.
reptiles and legs of birds- epidermis, beta keratin- scales not from the dermis like fish scales.
What are the different types of feathers and what kind of function do each have?
wings- flight
tail- steering precision
contour- stream lining, protection from elements, to coloration
semiplume- insulation
down- trap body heat
filoplume- like whiskers, display
bristle- may protect eyes and face
What epidermal characteristics do mammals have that the other taxa do not?
the epidermal is thicker especially where there is no hair.
eccrine sweat glands-
thermo regulation, mainly water
What are the differences between horns and antlers?
True Horns:
-antelope, sheep, cattle
- hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis
-core of bone arising from skull
-not shed or branched and grow continuously
Antlers:
- deer family
- branched and solid bone from dermis when matured
-develop underneath vascular soft skin
-only males(except caribou)
-antlers shed after breeding season
What is the function of a skeleton?
skeletons provide rigidity, protection, facilitate movement, and are muscle attachment surfaces
How do hydrostatic skeletons function? What are the limitations? What organisms have hydrostatic skeletons?
body fluids used as an internal hydroskeletal skeleton. The muscles contract against coelomic fluid. Ex. Cnidaria, Annelida, Nematoda, earthworms
What is the difference between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton? Be able to identify or provide examples of each.
Exoskeleton has no additional outer layer of tissue while endoskeletons have at least one layer of tissue outside of it.
Exoskeleton ex: Mollusca, arthropoda
Endoskeleton: amniotic vertebrates
What are functions of a bony endoskeleton?
protection of internal organs, movement, provides calcium and phosphorus storage(bone)
What is the basic structure of cartilage?
cartilage will form the beginnings of their bony skeleton and form the articulating surface of bones and joints
What is the basic structure of bone?
cells surrounded by collagen fibers and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate matrix
What are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts? How are they different from one another?
osteocytes are bone cells, osteoblasts are bone building cells that will develop into osteocytes, and osteoclasts are bone dissolving cells.
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
compact bone is along the outside and spongy bone are on the ends and inner lining.
Where is adipose tissue stored in the endoskeleton and where are blood cells made?
Medullary cavity is where adipose is stored and red bone marrow is where bone cell production is.
What are the three cranial classifications? How are they different from each other? What organisms are examples of each?
Anapsid- no openings behind the orbit (turtles)
diapsid- two temporal openings (birds and reptiles, not turtles)
synapsid- single pair bordered by bony arch (mammal)
What are the two ways that bone develops?
endochrondral one development and intramembranous bone development.
Melanophores:
caretonoid pigments(yellow and red)
Ommochromes and Pteridines:
Ommochromes and Pteridines: yellow pigments in mollusks and arthropods.
Iridiphores:
contain crystals of guanine or other purines, not pigments- silvery or metallic colors when light reflected.
Melanocytes or Melanophores:
example, human color.
cells in the deeper layer of the epidermis.
change in color tend to be slower(sun exposure or age)
Placental animals-
evolution of the placenta for embryonic nourishment. (mammals)
Marsupials-
embryos born at an early stage of development and continue development in abdominal pouch of mother where the mammary glands are (kangaroos)
apocrine sweat glands-
chemical signaling, thicker lipid-containing secretion
mammary glands-
secret milk through nipples
