lecture exam #3

Question 1

what is the difference between radial and spiral cleavage?

Answer 1

protostomes have spiral cleavage, each cell stacks up in between each other.
deuterostomes have radial cleavage, each cell stacks right on top of each other.

Question 2

what does it mean to be diploblastic vs triploblastic

Answer 2

diploblastoc has two layers and triploblastic has three

Question 3

what layers are in diploblastic

Answer 3

endoderm and ectoderm

Question 4

what layers are in triploblastic

Answer 4

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

Question 5

what is schizocoely origin in the coelom

Answer 5

schizocoely is the cleavage of protostomes and the blastopore becomes the mouth first.

Question 6

what is enterocoely origin in the coelom

Answer 6

eneterocoely is the cleavage of deuterostomes and the blastopore becomes the anus first.

Question 7

what is acoelomate? what organisms have this

Answer 7

the mesoderm covers the entire inside. Phylum Platyhelminthes is an example

Question 8

what is pseudocoelomate? what organisms have this

Answer 8

pseudocoelomate the mesoderm lines the ectoderm but not the endoderm. Phylum Nematoda

Question 9

what is coelomate? what organisms have this

Answer 9

A true coelomate is when the mesoderm covers both the endoderm and ectoderm. Phylum Annelida and beyond.

Question 10

what characteristics are used to distinguished protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 10

protostomes develop the mouth first and deuterostomes develop the anus first.

Question 11

what are the four extraembryonic membranes and what are their functions in amniotes?

Answer 11

amnion- the membrane that forms the fluid cavity
chorion- under the shell, encloses all the membranes
allantois- storage of metabolic waste during development, exchange of O2 and CO2
yolk sac- stores yolk to provide nutrients to embryo.

Question 12

monotremes-

Answer 12

mammals that lay large yolky eggs resembling bird eggs. ( duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters)

Question 13

What is integument? What is its function?

Answer 13

integument is the outer covering of the body. The function is protection from abrasion, sunlight, and bacteria, Gas exchange, coloration, secretion, and moisture proofing.

Question 14

Why doesn’t Phylum Porifera have actual epidermis? What cellular layers does Phylum Porifera have?

Answer 14

Instead of an epidermis, their tissue wall only has 2 layers of cells (no tissues). The layers that they have is the pinacoderm, which contains pinocytes and porocytes, and the gastroderm, which contains choanocytes.

Question 15

What are unique cells or characteristics that invertebrates have in their integument? How are those traits or characteristic
useful for their lifestyle?

Answer 15

They have a delicate cell membrane, single layer epidermis(tissue), some have additional cuticle for over the epidermis for additional protection.

Question 16

What is a true exoskeleton?

Answer 16

it will not grow with the organism

Question 17

What organisms have an exoskeleton?

Answer 17

Mollusca, arthropods, invertebrates

Question 18

What cells make the material of the exoskeleton?
What layers make up the cuticle?

Answer 18

epicuticle- outer, protein and lipid (protection and moisture proof layer
procuticle- inner, protein and chitin

Question 19

What are the two different ways that the cuticle can harden? How are they different from each other? Provide examples
of organisms that utilize each method.

Answer 19

calcification and sclerotization. Calcification is calcium carbonate in the outer layers of the procuticle(lobster, crab)
Sclerotization is the formation of protein, sclerotin, cross linkages between the bonds of the proteins(insects)

Question 20

chromatophores:

Answer 20

warning camouflage. Attaches muscle contracts, expanding cells and changes coloration.
found in the dermis(ectotherm) or epidermis(endotherms)

Question 21

What types of tissue make up the epidermis and dermis of a vertebrate?

Answer 21

Epidermis: strata/stratum corneum
dermis: connective tissue

Question 22

How is the epidermis of amphibians different from that of reptiles?

Answer 22

in amphibians the epidermis has large amounts of keratin that prevents water loss and abrasion. It is a relatively thin layer. The epidermis of reptiles is thicker, more keratinized, and less permeable to water.

Question 23

Scales – who has them? Where do they originate from? How are the different between the different vertebrates?

Answer 23

fish- dermal bone gives rise to dermal scales that don’t go through the epidermis but close to the surface.
reptiles and legs of birds- epidermis, beta keratin- scales not from the dermis like fish scales.

Question 24

What are the different types of feathers and what kind of function do each have?

Answer 24

wings- flight
tail- steering precision
contour- stream lining, protection from elements, to coloration
semiplume- insulation
down- trap body heat
filoplume- like whiskers, display
bristle- may protect eyes and face

Question 25

What epidermal characteristics do mammals have that the other taxa do not?

Answer 25

the epidermal is thicker especially where there is no hair.

Question 26

eccrine sweat glands-

Answer 26

thermo regulation, mainly water

Question 27

What are the differences between horns and antlers?

Answer 27

True Horns: -antelope, sheep, cattle - hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis -core of bone arising from skull -not shed or branched and grow continuously Antlers: - deer family - branched and solid bone from dermis when matured -develop underneath vascular soft skin -only males(except caribou) -antlers shed after breeding season

Question 28

What is the function of a skeleton?

Answer 28

skeletons provide rigidity, protection, facilitate movement, and are muscle attachment surfaces

Question 29

How do hydrostatic skeletons function? What are the limitations? What organisms have hydrostatic skeletons?

Answer 29

body fluids used as an internal hydroskeletal skeleton. The muscles contract against coelomic fluid. Ex. Cnidaria, Annelida, Nematoda, earthworms

Question 30

What is the difference between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton? Be able to identify or provide examples of each.

Answer 30

Exoskeleton has no additional outer layer of tissue while endoskeletons have at least one layer of tissue outside of it. Exoskeleton ex: Mollusca, arthropoda Endoskeleton: amniotic vertebrates

Question 31

What are functions of a bony endoskeleton?

Answer 31

protection of internal organs, movement, provides calcium and phosphorus storage(bone)

Question 32

What is the basic structure of cartilage?

Answer 32

cartilage will form the beginnings of their bony skeleton and form the articulating surface of bones and joints

Question 33

What is the basic structure of bone?

Answer 33

cells surrounded by collagen fibers and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate matrix

Question 34

What are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts? How are they different from one another?

Answer 34

osteocytes are bone cells, osteoblasts are bone building cells that will develop into osteocytes, and osteoclasts are bone dissolving cells.

Question 35

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Answer 35

compact bone is along the outside and spongy bone are on the ends and inner lining.

Question 36

Where is adipose tissue stored in the endoskeleton and where are blood cells made?

Answer 36

Medullary cavity is where adipose is stored and red bone marrow is where bone cell production is.

Question 37

What are the three cranial classifications? How are they different from each other? What organisms are examples of each?

Answer 37

Anapsid- no openings behind the orbit (turtles) diapsid- two temporal openings (birds and reptiles, not turtles) synapsid- single pair bordered by bony arch (mammal)

Question 38

What are the two ways that bone develops?

Answer 38

endochrondral one development and intramembranous bone development.

Question 39

Melanophores:

Answer 39

caretonoid pigments(yellow and red)

Question 40

Ommochromes and Pteridines:

Answer 40

Ommochromes and Pteridines: yellow pigments in mollusks and arthropods.

Question 41

Iridiphores:

Answer 41

contain crystals of guanine or other purines, not pigments- silvery or metallic colors when light reflected.

Question 42

Melanocytes or Melanophores:

Answer 42

example, human color. cells in the deeper layer of the epidermis. change in color tend to be slower(sun exposure or age)

Question 43

Placental animals-

Answer 43

evolution of the placenta for embryonic nourishment. (mammals)

Question 44

Marsupials-

Answer 44

embryos born at an early stage of development and continue development in abdominal pouch of mother where the mammary glands are (kangaroos)

Question 45

apocrine sweat glands-

Answer 45

chemical signaling, thicker lipid-containing secretion

Question 46

mammary glands-

Answer 46

secret milk through nipples