Zoology lab 5 Flashcards
The animals in this lab have what type of development?
deuterostome mode of development
Which two phyla are studied in this lab?
Phylum echinodermata and chordata
What kind of animals are in phylum echinodermata?
Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sea lilies
Traits of echinodermata?
- Typically have an endoskeleton made of spiny calcareous plates that are embedded within a connective tissue
- all members have a unique water vascular system (which consists of central ring and series of canals)
Describe water canal system
- Water enters through an opening called a madreporite
- The canals end in tiny tube feet that are enclosed within a groove running on the oral side of each arm
- These are connected to bulbs that can contract and force fluid in and out
sea stars?
- central ring contains the stomach
- in the arms, the tube feet, digestive glands and possibly gonads will be present
- there is a nerve ring around the mouth and radial nerves run down the arms
- no circulatory system and its digestive system contains the cardiac stomach and pyloric stomach
sea cucumber?
- tentacles at one end of the specimen
- these surrond the mouth
- pentaradial symmetry like sea stars
key trait most chordates share?
- backbones!
- chordata has one subphyla of invertebrate animals along with one subphylum of vertebrates
subphylum cephalochordata?
- lancelets!
- mouth is surronded by oral tentacles cuz lancelets are filter feeders
- water is taken in through mouth and then passes into a large pharnyx with slits
- these pharyngeal slits develop from pharyngeal pouches (one of 5 major traits)
- food and water then pass into intestine, then anus (post-anal tail–> another major trait)
- nerve cord and notochord (both also major traits!)
Freshwater perch?
- belongs to clade osteichthyes in subpylum vertebrata in phylum chordata
- craniate, a lineage of the chordates that gave rise to vertebrates
- belongs to class actinpterygii (ray-finned fish)
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bony fishes?
- related to terrestrial vertebrates
- one lineage gave rise to tetrapods
What do fish have to stabilize themselves?
- they have fins and a swim bladder to stabilize their bodies in the water
- the following fins are found in fish: dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral and pelvic
- they have an anal opening and the urogenital opening in the anterior region
- they have lateral lines to sense vibrations
- they also have scales
internal anatomy of a perch?
- a fish’s liver is located in the anterior portion near the opercula
- its stomach is located behind the liver
- it has an alimentary tract
- the fish also has a swim bladder, a large air-filled sac dorsal to the body cavity
- the ovaries/testes are located beneath the swim bladder
- it has a long dark kidney dorsal to the swim bladder
- and a 2 chamber heart!
- and gills made of smaller gill filaments!
dissection of a rat?
- its ribs are attached to its sternum and enclose the thorax
- intercostal muscles will be visible b/w the ribs to provide the pumping force for lung action
- the trunk of the rat is divided into an anterior thorax and a posterior abdomen
abdominal cavity of a rat?
- dark red lobes of the liver that almost cover the stomach can be observed
- small intestine is tightly coiled and held together by a thin sheet of connective tissue called messentary
- close to the stomach is the spleen, dark red + tongue-like
- kidney can be observed with a ureter from the kidney going posteriorly to the bladder
thoracic cavity?
- diaphragm= cartilaginous flap projecting from posterior end of the sternum–> important role in the respiratory pump of rat
- lungs and ribs can be observed
- the trachea can also be noted by looking for the rings of cartilage that give it a striped appearence
- the division of lungs into lobes can be further divided into bronchii and bronchioles, finally becoming alveoli
- the rat’s heart can be observed! the smaller sacs are the atria while the larger portion consists of the ventricles
herbivore skull?
- the madibular condyle joins the lower jaw to the skull at a point above the level of the teeth
carnivore skull?
- lower jaw is less curved and the jaw articulates in about the same plane as the teeth
- the masseters run from the zygomatic arch to the angular process
- these muscles are important in grinding food
- the temporalis runs from the coronoid process to the back of the skull
- these muscles provide crushing strength
heterodonts?
- mammals usually have different types of teeth specialized for different functions
- they are the only group of animals to chew their food
kinds of mammal teeth?
- incisors: front teeth, they are chisel-shaped and are used for nipping
- canines: reduced or gone in herbivores
- diastema: a prominent gap between the incisors and premolars in herbivores. this gap makes space for a large tongue, which is important for chewing
- premolars and molars: cheek teeth. in herbivores–> large and flat. in carnivores–> called carnassial teeth, function like scissors that slide past one another to slice flesh
omnivores?
- skull structure is an intermediate of herbivores and carnivores
- mostly teeth are similiar to carnivores, but the back molars are flat for grinding plant matter rather than pointed and sharp like a carnivores
- modern birds have adaptations for powered flight, including those related to skull morphology
Phylum ?
Echinodermata
Name ?
Phylum ?
Sea cucumbers
Phylum = Echinodermata
Phylum ?
Subphylum?
Phylum = chordata Subphylum = Cephalochordata
What kind of skull is this ?
Carnivore
What kind of skull is this ?
Herbivore
Temporalis are important for…
It give crushing strength
What are the masseters improtant for ?
Important for grinding food
What kind of skull is this? Also what is the gap called between the incisors and premolars?
Herbivore skull! And the gap is called diastema.
What kind of skull is this? Also what is it called that it has different types of teeth specialized for different functions?
Carnivore’s! Also having different specialized teeth is called being a heterodont.
What are specialized premolars and molars called in carnivores?
carnassial teeth!
Can you name these parts?
Phylum ?
Subphylum?
class?
Chordata
Vertebrata
mammalia
