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2023-2024 > Zoology Final > Flashcards

Zoology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is zoology?

A

study of animal life

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2
Q

What are characteristics shared by all animals?

A

responds to environment, grow and change, reproduce, metabolism, homeostasis, made of cells, heredity

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of animal cells?

A

membrane bound nucleus

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4
Q

Are animals generally haploid, diploid, triploid, or something else?

A

diploid

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5
Q

What is the difference between traditional phylogeny and molecular phylogeny?

A

traditional is by appearance, molecular is by genetics

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6
Q

Classification levels

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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7
Q

dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior

A

dorsal: top
ventral: under
anterior: front
posterior: end

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8
Q

What is learning?

A

new behaviors due to an experience

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9
Q

What would an ethologist study?

A

animal behavior in natural habitats

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10
Q

What is the etymology of the term protozoa?

A

“first animal”

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11
Q

Compare protozoa and metazoa

A

protozoa and metazoa are eukaryotic with no cell wall. Protozoa are unicellular, metazoans are multicellular

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12
Q

How do poriferans obtain their food?

A

filter feeding

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13
Q

Major structures of sponges and functions

A

osculum, spungocoel

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14
Q

What is meant by hermaphroditic?

A

organism has male and female sex organs

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15
Q

Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction in sponges

A

asexual is just budding. Sexual involves the sperm moving from the choanocytes to the eggs in amoebocytes

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16
Q

Where are sponges usually found?

A

mostly marine, all aquatic

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17
Q

How does the body symmetry of cnidarians compare with the body symmetry of poriferans?

A

poriferans are asymmetrical or radial, cnidarians are radial

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18
Q

What unique cell type do cnidarians have that allows them to sting prey?

A

Cnidocytes

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19
Q

Contrast the medusa and polyp forms of cnidarians

A

medusas face down, polyps face up

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20
Q

What are the names of the two cell layers in cnidarians?

A

ectotherm and endotherm

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21
Q

Describe the relationship between coral polyps and algae

A

coral gives algae a home, algae gives coral energy

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22
Q

Examples of flatworms, roundworms, and annelids

A

flatworms: planarians and tapeworms
roundworms: pinworm
annelids: earthworm and leech

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23
Q

What is cephalization? Which organisms were the first ones we studied that evolved cephalization?

A

Cephalization is the development of a head. The first organism is the worm

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24
Q

Where are tapeworms typically found?

A

intestines

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25
Q

Are most roundworms parasitic or free-living?

A

parasites

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of a complete digestive system?

A

mouth and anus

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27
Q

What are the repeating body segments of annelids called?

A

metameric

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28
Q

How do annelids excrete cellular waste products?

A

through a pore, the nephridiopore

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29
Q

What is a coelom?

A

main body cavity

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30
Q

How does having a coelom benefit an organism?

A

effective digestion

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31
Q

What is the second-largest phylum in the animal kingdom?

A

molluska

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32
Q

What type of circulatory system is found in most mollusks?

A

open

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33
Q

What is the basic body plan of mollusks?

A

head, foot, visceral mass

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of bivalves?

A

no head, smaller foot, lateral shells, large mantle

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of gastropods?

A

visceral mass dorsal to foot, head and tentacles

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of cephalopods?

A

modified foot, mouth with a hard beak, head between visceral mass and arms

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37
Q

How has the mollusk foot been modified in cephalopods?

A

shorter tentacles

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38
Q

How do bivalves feed?

A

filter feeding

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39
Q

How do gastropods feed?

A

scraping or scavanging

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40
Q

How do cephalopods feed?

A

by foot

41
Q

What characteristics are shared by all arthropods?

A

chitin exoskeleton, segmented body, jointed appendeges

42
Q

What group of arthropods is the largest?

A

insects

43
Q

What group of hexapods is the largest?

A

beetles

44
Q

What are arthropod exoskeletons made of?

A

chitin

45
Q

Why do arthropods molt?

A

their exoskeletons don’t grow with them

46
Q

What is the general body plan of hexapdos?

A

head, thorax, abdomen

47
Q

What is the general body plan of chelicerates?

A

prosoma, opisthosoma

48
Q

What is the general body plan of myriapods?

A

head, trunk

49
Q

What are chelicerae, and how are they used by chelicerates?

A

Chelicerae are pincer appendages by the mouth and they are used for feeding and/or sounds

50
Q

Which group of chelicerates is like a living fossil?

A

horse shoe crab

51
Q

What respiratory structures are used by hexapods?

A

tracheae

52
Q

What respiratory structures are used by crustaceans?

A

gills

53
Q

What respiratory structures are used by arachnids?

A

book lungs or tracheae

54
Q

What do most millipedes eat?

A

rotting wood, grass, fruits

55
Q

What do most centipedes eat?

A

other bugs

56
Q

Compare the number of legs on centipedes to the number of legs on millipedes

A

centipedes have an odd number of legs per segment, millipedes have an even number of legs per segment

57
Q

What is the etymology of the term deuterostome?

A

“mouth second”

58
Q

What are the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes? Which organisms are considered to be deuterostomes?

A

protostomes: mouth forms first
deuterostomes: anus forms first, all past echinoderms

59
Q

In which habitats are echinoderms typically found?

A

aquatic/marine

60
Q

What are the functions of the echinoderm water vascular system?

A

locomotion, feeding, excretion, respiration

61
Q

What type of symmetry do echinoderm larvae and adults have?

A

larvae are bilateral, adults are radial

62
Q

What are the five echinoderm classes and their organisms?

A

Crinoidea: feather stars, sea lilies
Asteroidea: starfish
Ophiuroidea: brittle stars
Echinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars
Holothoroidea: sea cucumbers

63
Q

What structure serves as the entrance to the water vascular system of echinoderms?

A

madreporite

64
Q

What are the four characteristics shared by all chordates?

A

notochord, dorsal verve chord, pharyngeal pouch, post-anal tail, endostyle

65
Q

What is the function of fish gills?

A

breathing

66
Q

How many chambers do fish hearts have?

A

2

67
Q

What are the functions of fish fins?

A

swimming, balance, steering

68
Q

Contrast the coverings of cartilaginous fishes with bony fishes

A

cartilaginous: placoid scales or scules
bony: scales

69
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral line system in fishes?

A

feel vibrations in the water

70
Q

Compare osmoregulation with thermoregulation

A

osmoregulation is regulating water and salt. thermoregulation is regulating temperature

70
Q

Compare endothermy with exothermy

A

endothermy absorbs heat, exothermy releases heat

71
Q

Which group of organisms were most likely the ancestors of amphibians?

A

lobe-finned fish

72
Q

What characteristics did amphibians evolve in order to adapt to life on land?

A

lungs

73
Q

Compare amphibian and reptile eggs

A

amphibian eggs are laid in water and aren’t amniotic. reptilian eggs are laid on land and are amniotic

74
Q

What is the function of the cloaca in amphibians?

A

waste and reproduction

75
Q

Compare amphibian and reptile respiration

A

amphibians have gills in development and lungs as an adult, and sometimes can breathe through their skin. Reptiles have lungs and breathe with a buccal pump

76
Q

What is the main difference between hibernation and estivation?

A

hibernation is in the cold, estivation is in the heat

77
Q

What is an amniotic egg? What does it allow reptiles to do that amphibians can’t do?

A

amniotic eggs have the amnion layer and they let reptiles lay eggs on land

78
Q

What is the skin of most reptiles covered with?

A

keratin

79
Q

How do reptiles generally thermoregulate?

A

behaviors like basking

80
Q

Which reptile senses are generally most developed, and which are generally least developed?

A

sight is best, hearing is worst

81
Q

Contrast amphibian development and reptile development

A

amphibian: tadpole to metamorphosis to adult
reptile: egg to adult

82
Q

What determines the sex of a sea turtle?

A

The temperature of the sand

83
Q

What are owl pellets, and why do owls and other birds produce them?

A

pellets are waste because the birds can’t digest some parts of their food like the bone

84
Q

Contrast oviparity, viviparity, and ovoviviparity. Which are birds and which are mammals?

A

oviparity: laying eggs, birds(chickens!!)
viviparity: embryo develops in mother, live birth (people)
ovoviviparity: egg develops in mother, live birth (shark, ray, etc.)

85
Q

What process do birds use to keep their eggs warm until the eggs hatch?

A

incubation

86
Q

Describe some common courtship behaviors of birds

A

dancing, vocals

87
Q

What are the shells of bird eggs made of?

A

CaCO3

88
Q

What are the defining characteristics of birds?

A

feathers, beak, wings

89
Q

What are the defining characteristics of mammals?

A

fur, specialized teeth

90
Q

Contrast functions of down feathers, flight feathers, and contour feathers

A

down feathers: insulation
flight: flying
contour: protection against sun/rain

91
Q

What characteristics of birds allow them to survive in such a wide range of habitats and climates?

A

adapted beaks, feathers

92
Q

Which amniotes evolved into birds?

A

sauropsids

93
Q

Which amniotes evolved into mammals?

A

synapsids

94
Q

What is meant by the term sexual dimorphism?

A

physical difference between sexes

95
Q

What are some typical glands found in mammals?

A

oil, milk, sweat

96
Q

What is the advantage of the four-chambered heart that is found in birds and mammals?

A

it’s more effective at moving blood and oxygen

97
Q

What structures are unique to mammalian brains?

A

neocortex: including frontal and temporal lobes

98
Q

Which group of mammals have the most species?

A

rodents

2023-2024 (23 decks)

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