Zoology Final Flashcards
What is zoology?
study of animal life
What are characteristics shared by all animals?
responds to environment, grow and change, reproduce, metabolism, homeostasis, made of cells, heredity
What are the characteristics of animal cells?
membrane bound nucleus
Are animals generally haploid, diploid, triploid, or something else?
diploid
What is the difference between traditional phylogeny and molecular phylogeny?
traditional is by appearance, molecular is by genetics
Classification levels
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior
dorsal: top
ventral: under
anterior: front
posterior: end
What is learning?
new behaviors due to an experience
What would an ethologist study?
animal behavior in natural habitats
What is the etymology of the term protozoa?
“first animal”
Compare protozoa and metazoa
protozoa and metazoa are eukaryotic with no cell wall. Protozoa are unicellular, metazoans are multicellular
How do poriferans obtain their food?
filter feeding
Major structures of sponges and functions
osculum, spungocoel
What is meant by hermaphroditic?
organism has male and female sex organs
Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction in sponges
asexual is just budding. Sexual involves the sperm moving from the choanocytes to the eggs in amoebocytes
Where are sponges usually found?
mostly marine, all aquatic
How does the body symmetry of cnidarians compare with the body symmetry of poriferans?
poriferans are asymmetrical or radial, cnidarians are radial
What unique cell type do cnidarians have that allows them to sting prey?
Cnidocytes
Contrast the medusa and polyp forms of cnidarians
medusas face down, polyps face up
What are the names of the two cell layers in cnidarians?
ectotherm and endotherm
Describe the relationship between coral polyps and algae
coral gives algae a home, algae gives coral energy
Examples of flatworms, roundworms, and annelids
flatworms: planarians and tapeworms
roundworms: pinworm
annelids: earthworm and leech
What is cephalization? Which organisms were the first ones we studied that evolved cephalization?
Cephalization is the development of a head. The first organism is the worm
Where are tapeworms typically found?
intestines
Are most roundworms parasitic or free-living?
parasites
What are the characteristics of a complete digestive system?
mouth and anus
What are the repeating body segments of annelids called?
metameric
How do annelids excrete cellular waste products?
through a pore, the nephridiopore
What is a coelom?
main body cavity
How does having a coelom benefit an organism?
effective digestion
What is the second-largest phylum in the animal kingdom?
molluska
What type of circulatory system is found in most mollusks?
open
What is the basic body plan of mollusks?
head, foot, visceral mass
What are the characteristics of bivalves?
no head, smaller foot, lateral shells, large mantle
What are the characteristics of gastropods?
visceral mass dorsal to foot, head and tentacles
What are the characteristics of cephalopods?
modified foot, mouth with a hard beak, head between visceral mass and arms
How has the mollusk foot been modified in cephalopods?
shorter tentacles
How do bivalves feed?
filter feeding
How do gastropods feed?
scraping or scavanging
How do cephalopods feed?
by foot
What characteristics are shared by all arthropods?
chitin exoskeleton, segmented body, jointed appendeges
What group of arthropods is the largest?
insects
What group of hexapods is the largest?
beetles
What are arthropod exoskeletons made of?
chitin
Why do arthropods molt?
their exoskeletons don’t grow with them
What is the general body plan of hexapdos?
head, thorax, abdomen
What is the general body plan of chelicerates?
prosoma, opisthosoma
What is the general body plan of myriapods?
head, trunk
What are chelicerae, and how are they used by chelicerates?
Chelicerae are pincer appendages by the mouth and they are used for feeding and/or sounds
Which group of chelicerates is like a living fossil?
horse shoe crab
What respiratory structures are used by hexapods?
tracheae
What respiratory structures are used by crustaceans?
gills
What respiratory structures are used by arachnids?
book lungs or tracheae
What do most millipedes eat?
rotting wood, grass, fruits
What do most centipedes eat?
other bugs
Compare the number of legs on centipedes to the number of legs on millipedes
centipedes have an odd number of legs per segment, millipedes have an even number of legs per segment
What is the etymology of the term deuterostome?
“mouth second”
What are the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes? Which organisms are considered to be deuterostomes?
protostomes: mouth forms first
deuterostomes: anus forms first, all past echinoderms
In which habitats are echinoderms typically found?
aquatic/marine
What are the functions of the echinoderm water vascular system?
locomotion, feeding, excretion, respiration
What type of symmetry do echinoderm larvae and adults have?
larvae are bilateral, adults are radial
What are the five echinoderm classes and their organisms?
Crinoidea: feather stars, sea lilies
Asteroidea: starfish
Ophiuroidea: brittle stars
Echinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars
Holothoroidea: sea cucumbers
What structure serves as the entrance to the water vascular system of echinoderms?
madreporite
What are the four characteristics shared by all chordates?
notochord, dorsal verve chord, pharyngeal pouch, post-anal tail, endostyle
What is the function of fish gills?
breathing
How many chambers do fish hearts have?
2
What are the functions of fish fins?
swimming, balance, steering
Contrast the coverings of cartilaginous fishes with bony fishes
cartilaginous: placoid scales or scules
bony: scales
What is the purpose of the lateral line system in fishes?
feel vibrations in the water
Compare osmoregulation with thermoregulation
osmoregulation is regulating water and salt. thermoregulation is regulating temperature
Compare endothermy with exothermy
endothermy absorbs heat, exothermy releases heat
Which group of organisms were most likely the ancestors of amphibians?
lobe-finned fish
What characteristics did amphibians evolve in order to adapt to life on land?
lungs
Compare amphibian and reptile eggs
amphibian eggs are laid in water and aren’t amniotic. reptilian eggs are laid on land and are amniotic
What is the function of the cloaca in amphibians?
waste and reproduction
Compare amphibian and reptile respiration
amphibians have gills in development and lungs as an adult, and sometimes can breathe through their skin. Reptiles have lungs and breathe with a buccal pump
What is the main difference between hibernation and estivation?
hibernation is in the cold, estivation is in the heat
What is an amniotic egg? What does it allow reptiles to do that amphibians can’t do?
amniotic eggs have the amnion layer and they let reptiles lay eggs on land
What is the skin of most reptiles covered with?
keratin
How do reptiles generally thermoregulate?
behaviors like basking
Which reptile senses are generally most developed, and which are generally least developed?
sight is best, hearing is worst
Contrast amphibian development and reptile development
amphibian: tadpole to metamorphosis to adult
reptile: egg to adult
What determines the sex of a sea turtle?
The temperature of the sand
What are owl pellets, and why do owls and other birds produce them?
pellets are waste because the birds can’t digest some parts of their food like the bone
Contrast oviparity, viviparity, and ovoviviparity. Which are birds and which are mammals?
oviparity: laying eggs, birds(chickens!!)
viviparity: embryo develops in mother, live birth (people)
ovoviviparity: egg develops in mother, live birth (shark, ray, etc.)
What process do birds use to keep their eggs warm until the eggs hatch?
incubation
Describe some common courtship behaviors of birds
dancing, vocals
What are the shells of bird eggs made of?
CaCO3
What are the defining characteristics of birds?
feathers, beak, wings
What are the defining characteristics of mammals?
fur, specialized teeth
Contrast functions of down feathers, flight feathers, and contour feathers
down feathers: insulation
flight: flying
contour: protection against sun/rain
What characteristics of birds allow them to survive in such a wide range of habitats and climates?
adapted beaks, feathers
Which amniotes evolved into birds?
sauropsids
Which amniotes evolved into mammals?
synapsids
What is meant by the term sexual dimorphism?
physical difference between sexes
What are some typical glands found in mammals?
oil, milk, sweat
What is the advantage of the four-chambered heart that is found in birds and mammals?
it’s more effective at moving blood and oxygen
What structures are unique to mammalian brains?
neocortex: including frontal and temporal lobes
Which group of mammals have the most species?
rodents
