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2023-2024 > Genetics Final Fall 2023 > Flashcards

Genetics Final Fall 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and protein

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2
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

Bacteria takes DNA from the environment

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3
Q

Another name for DNA sequencing?

A

Sanger sequencing

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4
Q

What is SCNT?

A

Cloning technique: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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5
Q

What are the shapes of chromosomes?

A

metacentric
submetacentric
acrocentric
telocentric

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6
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Connect centromeres to centrioles

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7
Q

Law of Dominance

A

traits can skip a generation

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8
Q

Codominance

A

both parental traits show up one one offspring separately (cow spots)

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9
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

both parental traits appear blended in offspring (pink flower)

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10
Q

When are traits sex-linked?

A

when they are most commonly seen in one sex

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11
Q

What term describes male genotypes for alleles carried on sex chromosomes?

A

Holandric

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12
Q

when are sex-limited traits expressed?

A

only expressed in one sex, regardless of inherited genotype

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13
Q

When are sex-influenced traits expressed?

A

mostly in one sex, sometimes in the other

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14
Q

Universal donor?

A

O-

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15
Q

Universal recipient?

A

AB+

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16
Q

Pleiotropy

A

multiple traits from one gene

17
Q

What is the relationship between map distance and frequency of crossing over?

A

genes closer on the map have a higher frequency of crossing over.
<50% frequency is linked
>50% frequency is unlinked

18
Q

distance between genes

A

(total recombinants/total offspring)100

19
Q

when is crossing over?

A

metaphase 1 of meiosis

20
Q

euploidy

A

copied chromosome(s), 47/48/45

21
Q

aneuploidy

A

copied chromosomes in genotype (2n, 3n, etc.)

22
Q

epistasis

A

one gene modifies another gene’s expression

23
Q

carcinogens to carcinomas

A

UV, alcohol, etc.

24
Q

carcinogens to lymphomas

A

disease

25
Q

3 Steps to make PCR

A

denature anneal extension

26
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

cuts DNA after a sequence, guards against bacteriophages

27
Q

monoecious

A

having both male and female reproductive systems; hermaphrodite, bisexual

28
Q

bisexual

A

able to produce male and female gametes; monoecious, hermaphrodite

29
Q

unisexual

A

only one sex

30
Q

gonochorism

A

a species with only two sexes in a population; dioecious

31
Q

sexes of Caenorhabditis elegans

A

(monoecious)
basically hermaphrodites and male

32
Q

sexes of zea mays

A

bisexual, hermaphrodite; both sexes

33
Q

sexes of Chlamydomonas

A

male, female, bisexual

34
Q

codominance notation

A

exponents (B^a)

35
Q

incomplete dominance notation

A

normal

2023-2024 (23 decks)

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