Genetics Final Fall 2023

Question 1

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 1

DNA and protein

Question 2

What is bacterial transformation?

Answer 2

Bacteria takes DNA from the environment

Question 3

Another name for DNA sequencing?

Answer 3

Sanger sequencing

Question 4

What is SCNT?

Answer 4

Cloning technique: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Question 5

What are the shapes of chromosomes?

Answer 5

metacentric
submetacentric
acrocentric
telocentric

Question 6

What do microtubules do?

Answer 6

Connect centromeres to centrioles

Question 7

Law of Dominance

Answer 7

traits can skip a generation

Question 8

Codominance

Answer 8

both parental traits show up one one offspring separately (cow spots)

Question 9

Incomplete dominance

Answer 9

both parental traits appear blended in offspring (pink flower)

Question 10

When are traits sex-linked?

Answer 10

when they are most commonly seen in one sex

Question 11

What term describes male genotypes for alleles carried on sex chromosomes?

Answer 11

Holandric

Question 12

when are sex-limited traits expressed?

Answer 12

only expressed in one sex, regardless of inherited genotype

Question 13

When are sex-influenced traits expressed?

Answer 13

mostly in one sex, sometimes in the other

Question 14

Universal donor?

Answer 14

O-

Question 15

Universal recipient?

Answer 15

AB+

Question 16

Pleiotropy

Answer 16

multiple traits from one gene

Question 17

What is the relationship between map distance and frequency of crossing over?

Answer 17

genes closer on the map have a higher frequency of crossing over.
<50% frequency is linked
>50% frequency is unlinked

Question 18

distance between genes

Answer 18

(total recombinants/total offspring)100

Question 19

when is crossing over?

Answer 19

metaphase 1 of meiosis

Question 20

euploidy

Answer 20

copied chromosome(s), 47/48/45

Question 21

aneuploidy

Answer 21

copied chromosomes in genotype (2n, 3n, etc.)

Question 22

epistasis

Answer 22

one gene modifies another gene’s expression

Question 23

carcinogens to carcinomas

Answer 23

UV, alcohol, etc.

Question 24

carcinogens to lymphomas

Answer 24

disease

Question 25

3 Steps to make PCR

Answer 25

denature anneal extension

Question 26

What do restriction enzymes do?

Answer 26

cuts DNA after a sequence, guards against bacteriophages

Question 27

monoecious

Answer 27

having both male and female reproductive systems; hermaphrodite, bisexual

Question 28

bisexual

Answer 28

able to produce male and female gametes; monoecious, hermaphrodite

Question 29

unisexual

Answer 29

only one sex

Question 30

gonochorism

Answer 30

a species with only two sexes in a population; dioecious

Question 31

sexes of Caenorhabditis elegans

Answer 31

(monoecious)
basically hermaphrodites and male

Question 32

sexes of zea mays

Answer 32

bisexual, hermaphrodite; both sexes

Question 33

sexes of Chlamydomonas

Answer 33

male, female, bisexual

Question 34

codominance notation

Answer 34

exponents (B^a)

Question 35

incomplete dominance notation

Answer 35

normal