Zoo Medicine and Conservation 1 Flashcards
List the roles of Zoos
- Preventing extinction
- Conservation
- National and international
- Reduce human – animal conflict
- Research (reproductive techniques and studies for example)
- Funded by visitors e.g. Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpes Virus research
- Education – sustainability and wildlife friendly
What governing bodies are important in Zoos?
- BIAZA (British and Irish association of zoos and aquaria)
- EAZA – European association of zoos and aquaria - ‘Standards for the Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquaria’ - ‘Best Practice Guidelines’
o Must prove a range of criteria are met relating to appropriate accommodation, vet care, recording stock etc - WAZA – World association of Zoos and Aquaria - ‘A world where all zoos and aquariums maximise their conservation impact’
What is the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 and list some of its principles
- it governs the running of zoos
- It doesn’t include pet shop and circuses but wild animals that are kept for exhibition to the public
- Requires the inspection and licensing of all zoos in GB
- Aims to ensure that where animals are kept in enclosures, they are provided with a suitable environment for provide opportunity to express most normal animal behaviour
- Refers to any ‘exhibit’ open for more than 7 days in 12 months. Whether or not a fee is charged
- Required promotion of public education and awareness (signage);. Must be able to show they have protocols in place relating to animal escapes and pest control
- Inspections usually take place every 3-5 yrs
What is 1 health?
an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better outcomes
What approach does mass mortality of a species require?
Multidisciplinary approach:
• Veterinarians – ante/post-mortem sampling
• Identified the Disease process
• Ecologists and biologists – which animals were affected: sexes and ages
• Microbiologists
• Epidemiologists
• Meteorologists
What is the role of zoo vets?
To use preventative and reactive veterinary medicine
Emergency care
Parasitology, vaccine, routine health checks
In animal imports, exports
Population management: contraception, assisted repro, culling
Conservation work
Research and vet advice
• Too small populations to make a conclusion
• Collab with other zoos
Public heath
Pathology
Animal welfare
Why do we import and export animals?
o Make sure circulating genes within the captive collection
Who is involved in animal imports and exports?
- Governed by Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
- Managed by APHA – executive department of DEFRA
Where OV gets involved
o Various statutory certification required for importing and exporting certain animal species between countries
o Diff certification required for diff animals and we have to undergo diff OV training which allows documentation to be signed - When doing animal moves, also need to be aware of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
- International Air Transport Association (IATA) Live Animal Regulations (LAR)
What is Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)?
o International agreement between states and regional orgs
o Voluntarily
o Protect species vulnerable to extinction and protect from exploitation
o Need a permit to move certain animals
Role of - International Air Transport Association (IATA) Live Animal Regulations (LAR)
o Flying an animal – provides standards and recommendations for transport accommodation, labelling, documentation. If don’t have correct documentation = cannot fly
What is the purpose of pre and post import testing?
• Reduce risk of disease transmission – statutory testing requirements
done during quarantine (post) - often shed more e.g. parasites when stressed
What is the type of veterinary medicine mostly in zoos? and why
Mostly Empirical as opposed to evidenced based
Why: v small populations therefore often no research therefore need to use the cascade for the majority of things
What is empirical therapy?
What is EVBM
therapy based on experience and, more specifically, therapy begun on the basis of a clinical educated guess in the absence of complete or perfect information.
• Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well designed and well conducted research
Cascade
• – Step 1 Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in GB or UK wide for
indicated species and condition
– Step 2 Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in NI for indicated species
and condition. For products not authorised in GB or UK wide a Special Import Certificate from the
VMD is required
• Usual starting point in zoo is step 3:
– Step 3 Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in GB, NI or UK wide for a
different species or condition. For products not authorised in GB or UK wide a Special Import
Certificate from the VMD is required
– Step 4 Human medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in GB, NI or UK wide OR an
authorised veterinary medicine from outside of the UK. For products not authorised in GB or UK
wide a Special Import Certificate from the VMD is required; in the case of a food-producing animal
the medicine must be authorised in a food-producing species
– Step 5 Extemporaneous preparation prepared by a vet, pharmacist or person holding an
appropriate Manufacturer’s Authorisation, located in the UK
– Exception In exceptional circumstances, a human medicine may be imported from outside of
the UK. For products not authorised in GB or UK wide a Special Import Certificate from the VMD is
required
What preventative medicine is used in zoos?
- Parasitology
- Vaccination
- Herd health plans & Routine health checks
- Disease surveillance
