Fracture healing

Question 1

Forces on fracture

Answer 1

Compression
Tension
Bending
Torsion
Shearing

Question 2

How are fractures classified ?

Answer 2

Open/closed
bone
position
Fracture line
Degree of displacement 
reconstructable or not

Question 3

What are open vs closed fractures?

Answer 3

Open - out of skin may see gas opacity on X-ray

Question 4

What are the 4As of fracture repair?

Answer 4

alignment
apposition
apparatus
activity

Whenever you fix the fracture you must oppose forces acting on it

Question 5

Diff types of fracture

Answer 5

Transverse, spiral, oblique, comminuted, segmented,

Question 6

What are salter Harris classifications?

Answer 6

Only in young dogs with growth plates - see slideshow
type 1=6
type 3-6 risk of angular limb deformity is with another bone

Question 7

Primary (direct healing)

Answer 7

Gap less than 1m
Rigid stabilization
Cutting cones
No/limited callus
Cellular level = OB and OC doing healing, no callus

Question 8

Secondary (indirect healing)

Answer 8

Same process and endochondral ossification
Haematoma
Granulation tissue
Fibrocartialge
Bone formation- callus
Callus remodelling

relative movement = haematoma, cartilage, calcified bone = callus