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Ziekteleer (Zsuzzanne) Flashcards

1
Q

Polycythemia

A

= disorder of bone marrow
Ø Overproduction of red blood cells
Ø Increases blood volume & blood viscosity
Ø Headaches, blurred vision, high blood pressure

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2
Q

hemophilia

A

Ø Condition caused by deficiency of one or more clotting factors
Ø Mostly: lack certain protein (clotting factor VIII)
Ø Can’t form blood clots - could lead to death
Ø Now: controlled by administering another clotting factor

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3
Q

hemolytic disease of the new-born (HDN)

A

Rh-negative woman can become pregnant with Rh-positive baby (Rh-antigen comes from father)
- mother starts producing anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta & attacks fetus

HDN = reduced number of red blood cells & toxic levels of hemoglobin breakdown products àcan lead to mental retardation or death

Prevention? mother gets injection with anti-Rh antibodies at 28 weeks & (if baby = positive) again after birth
- injected antibodies destroy new-born’s red blood cells that may have entered the woman’s circulation

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4
Q

Mononucleosis

A

= contagious infection of lymphocytes in blood & lymph tissue
- caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (= relative to herpes virus)
- spread throughout physical contact (nickname: = “kissing disease”)
- Lymphocytes enlarge->begin to resemble monocytes
-> blood test reveals increased numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes

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5
Q

septicemia

A

Blood poisoning = septicemia = bacterial infection of blood

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6
Q

Anemia

A

reduction in the oxygen carrrying capacity of blood

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7
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Every hemoglobin: contains 4 molecules of iron
Iron-deficiency: body cannot synthesize hemoglobin
Result: fewer hemoglobin molecules per RBC - decreased ability to transport o2 Most common form of anemia
Caused by too little iron in diet / inability of digestive tract to absorb iron Treatment: taking pills

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8
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Due to blood loss caused by injuries, bleeding ulcers, menstrual flow or parasites Treatments: finding & treating underlying cause of blood loss

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9
Q

pernicious anemia

A

Cause: deficiency of vitamin B12 absorption by digestive tract
Vitamin B12 = important for production of RBC
Treatment: injections of vitamin B12

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10
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

Cause: rupture or early destruction of RBCs
Sickle-cell disease: RBCs take on sickle shape when oxygen concentration is too low - become damaged due to abnormal shape when travelling through blood vessels Parasite that causes malaria = another cause

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11
Q

anemia due to renal failure

A

When kidneys fail: don’t produce enough erythropoietin to maintain RBC production
Treatment: exogenous erythropoietin (EPO)

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12
Q

Leukemia

A

= blood cancer
1. acute leukemia: develops rapidly
2. chronic leukemia: develops slowly

Cause: mutation of a WBC (change in genetic structure)- uncontrolled cell division - caused by viral infections, exposure to radiation or harmful chemicals or genetic factors.

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13
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

= cancer

Plasma cells = type of lymphocytes responsible for making a specific antibody
- multiple myeloma: abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow undergo uncontrolled division

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14
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

= reduction in number of platelets in blood

Cause: viral infection, anemia, leukemia, other blood disorders, exposure to X-rays or radiation, drugs …
Symptoms: easy bruising or bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding in mouth, blood in urine, heavy menstrual periods
Treatment: treating underlying cause, surgical removal of spleen

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15
Q

aneurism

A
  • Ballooning of artery wall
  • Damaged endothelium: lets blood seep through - flows between two layers, splitting them apart
  • Can cause smooth muscle & endothelial layers to bulge inward - narrows lumen - reduces blood flow
  • When ruptured: massive internal bleeding & often death
  • Take years to develop
  • Can be detected with stethoscope or CT-scan
  • Can be repaired surgically
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16
Q

varicose veins

A

permanently swollen veins that look twisted and bumpy from pooled blood

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17
Q

Angina

A

= temporary sensation of pain and tightness in chest (due to insufficient circulation to the heart)

Angina = in itself not a problem, but = indication of a bigger problem - sign of insufficient circulation to the heart

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18
Q

myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack = sudden death of an area of heart tissue due to oxygen starvation àoccurs when blood flow to area of heart = impaired too long

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19
Q

Heart failure

A

Normally: body remains constant arterial pressure because of the tight control mechanisms

If heart muscle = damaged: heart may become weaker & less efficient at pumping blood = Heart failure

If Heart pumps less blood:
- Blood back up in veins
- BP in veins and capillaries rises
- More fluid than usual filers out of the capillaries & into interstitial space - fluid congestion (ophoping)
-> congestive heart failure

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20
Q

Embolism

A

= sudden blockage of blood vessels by material floating in bloodstream

Obstacle (embolus) = blood clots, cholesterol deposits, tissue fragments, cancer cells, bacteria, air bubbles

21
Q

Stroke

A

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) = damage to part of the brain caused by an interruption to its blood supply
= brain’s equivalent to heart attack

22
Q

tonsilitis

A

infection of tonsils

23
Q

Asthma

A

recurrent, chronic lung disorder characterized by:
Ø Spasmodic contraction of bronchial muscle
Ø Bronchial swelling
Ø Increased production of mucus
Attack: causes partial closure of bronchi: difficulty breathing

24
Q

Emphysema

A

chronic disorder in which alveoli become permanently damaged

Begins with destruction of connective tissue in smaller airways
- airways become less elastic, don’t open properly & tend to collapse during expiration
- high pressures in lungs
- alveoli get damaged

25
Bronchitis
acute or chronic inflammation of bronchi Symptoms: wheezing, breathlessness & persistent cough that yields yellowish or greenish phlegm, fever Acute: can be treated by humidifying lungs, drinking fluids & taking antibiotic (if bacterial infection) Chronic: Ø Further testing to rule out other health conditions Ø Bronchodilators: widen bronchi Ø Oxygen may prescription to raise blood oxygen levels
26
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
name for emphysema & chronic bronchitis
27
Cystic fibrosis
inherited condition: 1 gene causes mucus-producing cells in lungs t produce thick, sticky mucus
28
2 most common respiratory diseases: colds & flu
COLD: - Upper respiratory infection = URI - Caused by viruses of rhinovirus /coronavirus families - highly contagious but not very virulent - Symptoms = coughing, runny nose, nasal congestion & sneezing FLU: - Caused by viruses of influenza family - Not virulent, though heavier symptoms than colds - Symptoms = sore throat, fever, cough, aches & chills, muscle pains & headaches
29
Pneumonia
inflammatory condition of lungs
30
Tuberculosis
= infectious diseases (passed by coughing or sneezing) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis = Bacteria enters lungs & multiply to form an infected ‘focus’
31
Lung cancer
Cancer = uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells Important causes: Ø Smoking (90% of people with lung cancer) Ø Radon gas: formed in rock as a breakdown product of uranium & seeps into air Ø Chemicals in workplace, best known = asbestos
32
Mesothelioma
deadly cancer of lining of lungs, heart & abdomen caused by exposure to asbestos
33
Asbestos
was widely used for decades before it was recognized as a cancer-causing agent
34
Pneumothorax
collapse of one or more lobes of lungs Causes: Ø Penetrating wound of chest that allows air into pleural cavity around lungs Ø Spontaneously as result of disease or injury to a lung
35
Atelectasis
lack of gas exchange withing lungs as result of alveolar collapse or build-up fluid within alveoli
36
Congestive heart failure
cardiovascular disease in which heart becomes less efficient -> eventually causes severe impairment of lung function as well
37
Anorexia nervosa
= When person diets excessively or stops eating, even to point of starvation and death untreated: highest mortality rate of any mental illness
38
Bulimia nervosa
Someone eats & deliberately vomits or takes other steps to minimize calories ingested Binge eating episodes= large amount of food + feeling lack of control over eating
39
Binge eating disorder
Like bulimia, but without the purge No control over how much they eat on certain occasions Can cause obesity
40
Lactose intolerance
= difficulty digesting milk Infants = born with enzyme lactase in small intestine for digesting lactose Adults: gradually lose the enzyme & ability to digest lactose=> lactose intolerance
41
Peptic ulcers
Painful erosions of mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum - Infections by helicobacter pylori bacteria - Excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
42
Celiac disease = gluten intolerance
Gluten = protein found in wheat, rye & barley - immune system damages or destroys villi that line small intestine - malabsorption of nutrients of all kinds Inherited disorder
43
Diverticulosis
Diverticula = sac produced when mucosal lining of large intestine protrudes through other layers of intestinal wall Can become infected or inflamed- diverticulitis Cause: low-fibre diet: 1. Produces small feces 2. Narrows colon 3. Makes contractions of colon more powerful 4. Increases pressure on colon walls: forcing areas outward & forming diverticula
44
colon polyps
Polyp = noncancerous growth that projects from mucous membrane Can develop in many areas: including colon Removed in colonoscopy (could develop into cancer)
45
hepatitis A
Transmitted by contaminated food or water Causes brief illness Vaccine is available
46
Hepatitis B
Travels in blood/body fluids: passed via contaminated needles, blood transfusions, sexual contact Can lead to liver failure Symptoms: jaundice, nausea, fatigue, abdominal pain & arthritis Vaccine = available
47
Hepatitis C
Travels in blood: passed via contaminated needles & blood transfusions Many people have no symptoms, still damages liver Can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer
48
Gallstones
Gallbladder concentrates bile by removing 90% of the water Excessive cholesterol in bile: may precipitate out of solution with calcium & bile salts -> forms gallstones Can obstruct bile flow & cause intense pain

Biologie (10 decks)

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