Belangrijke termen (Zsuzzane)

Question 1

types of plasma proteins

Answer 1

1. Albumins = Maintain proper water balance between blood & interstitial fluid. Can bind to certain molecules / drugs in liver to assist in their transport in the blood
2. Globulins = Transport substances in the blood. 3 types: alpha, beta & gamma
   * beta globulins: bind to lipid molecules (ex.: cholesterol) -> creates complex called lipoprotein
   - Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
   - High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
   * gamma globulins: function in defence system of the body (against infections & illness)
3. Clotting proteins: imp role in blood clotting

Question 2

Red blood cells

Answer 2

• produced by etyhrocytes
• carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
• flexible so can squeeze through blood vessels
• generate ATP anaerobically
• don’t consume oxygen they carry
• filled with hemoglobin

Question 3

hemoglobin

Answer 3

Ø 4 polypeptide chains
Ø Chains contain a heme group
Ø Centre of heme group = iron atom
Ø Iron atom: can from a bond with an oxygen molecule

Question 4

ocyhemoglobin

Answer 4

hemoglobin with 4 oxygen molecules attached = bright red colour

Question 5

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 5

emoglobin that has given up its oxygen = dark purple

Question 6

Hematocrit

Answer 6

percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells -> measure of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

higher in men than women

Question 7

low hematocrit

Answer 7

anemia (inadequate red blood cell production)

Question 8

macrophages

Answer 8

remove old RBCs from blood & destroy them in liver & spleen -> derived from monocytes (largest of whit blood cells)

Question 9

Phagocytosis

Answer 9

process where macrophages surround, engulf & digest red blood cells

Question 10

Erythropoietin

Answer 10

hormone secreted by cells in kidneys when they detect that oxygen availability fails
- transported in the blood to the red bone marrow to stimulate stem cells

Question 11

Blood doping

Answer 11

injecting erythropoietin to increase RBC production
àhealth consequences: excessive red blood cells make blood more viciousàheart must pump harder

Question 12

two categories of WBS

Answer 12

Ø Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
Ø Agranluar leukocytes (agranulocytes)

Question 13

granular leukocytes

Answer 13

1. neutrophils: combat infection by phagocytosis - numbers can rise during bacterial infections
2. esinophils: defend body against large paracites - multiple surround the parasite and release digestive enzymes
3. basophils: secrete histamine - chemical that initiates the inflammatory response

Question 14

types of agranular leukocytes

Answer 14

1. monocytes = largest WBCs - differentiate in macrohages - stimulate lymphocytes to defend the body
2. lymphocytes
   * Type B: give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
   * type T: target and destroy specific threats

Question 15

hemostasis

Answer 15

natural process of stopping the flow/loss of blood - 3 stages
1. Vascular spasm or intense contraction of blood vessels in the area
2. Formation of a platelet plug
3. Blood clotting = coagulation

Question 16

Clotting process:

Answer 16

Ø Damage blood vessels stimulate production of prothrombin activator
Ø Activates the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin (reaction requires calcium ions)
Ø Thrombin -> conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin (long insoluble threads of protein)
Ø Fibrin: threads wind around the platelet plug -> forms net of fibres that holds platelets, blood cells and molecules against the opening

Question 17

antigen

Answer 17

Ø ‘Nonself’ protein
Ø Activates immune system
Ø Immune system produces opposing protein called antibody.

Question 18

antibodies

Answer 18

Ø = produced by lymphocytes
Ø Belong to class of plasma proteins called gamma globulins
Ø Different types: each one = specialized to attack one particular antigen
Ø Float freely in the blood & lymph until attack
Ø Bind to the antigen molecule to form an antigen-antibody complex
Ø antigen-antibody complex: inactivates foreign cells

Question 19

agglutination

Answer 19

RBS’s clump together, blocking blood vessels

Question 20

2 types of blood substitutes

Answer 20

1. modified hemoglobin in watery solutions
2. uses high oxygen-carrying capacity of perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Question 21

high oxygen-carrying capacity of perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Answer 21

• PFCs = colourless liquids containing carbon & fluoride
• Not soluble in water - emulsified as small droplets in water
• Each droplet = 1/40th the size of a RBC - can travel through small blood vessels
• Can carry more oxygen than whole blood
• PFCs = man made & heat-sterilized - no risk of disease
• Can be stored for long periods without refrigerator
• Removed from bloodstream in 2 days by exhalation and evaporation via the lungs
• Only used as temporary substitute for blood

Question 22

modified hemoglobin in watery solutions

Answer 22

• Hemoglobin comes from animals / = produced by genetic engineering in bacteria
• Still issues of limited supply & possible disease transmission
• Toxic to kidneys (hemoglobin must be ‘packaged’)

Question 23

3 types of blood vessels

Answer 23

arteries, capillaries and veins