Belangrijke termen (Zsuzzane) Flashcards
types of plasma proteins
- Albumins = Maintain proper water balance between blood & interstitial fluid. Can bind to certain molecules / drugs in liver to assist in their transport in the blood
-
Globulins = Transport substances in the blood. 3 types: alpha, beta & gamma
* beta globulins: bind to lipid molecules (ex.: cholesterol) -> creates complex called lipoprotein
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
* gamma globulins: function in defence system of the body (against infections & illness) - Clotting proteins: imp role in blood clotting
Red blood cells
- produced by etyhrocytes
- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
- flexible so can squeeze through blood vessels
- generate ATP anaerobically
- don’t consume oxygen they carry
- filled with hemoglobin
hemoglobin
Ø 4 polypeptide chains
Ø Chains contain a heme group
Ø Centre of heme group = iron atom
Ø Iron atom: can from a bond with an oxygen molecule
ocyhemoglobin
hemoglobin with 4 oxygen molecules attached = bright red colour
Deoxyhemoglobin
emoglobin that has given up its oxygen = dark purple
Hematocrit
percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells -> measure of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
higher in men than women
low hematocrit
anemia (inadequate red blood cell production)
macrophages
remove old RBCs from blood & destroy them in liver & spleen -> derived from monocytes (largest of whit blood cells)
Phagocytosis
process where macrophages surround, engulf & digest red blood cells
Erythropoietin
hormone secreted by cells in kidneys when they detect that oxygen availability fails
- transported in the blood to the red bone marrow to stimulate stem cells
Blood doping
injecting erythropoietin to increase RBC production
àhealth consequences: excessive red blood cells make blood more viciousàheart must pump harder
two categories of WBS
Ø Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
Ø Agranluar leukocytes (agranulocytes)
granular leukocytes
- neutrophils: combat infection by phagocytosis - numbers can rise during bacterial infections
- esinophils: defend body against large paracites - multiple surround the parasite and release digestive enzymes
- basophils: secrete histamine - chemical that initiates the inflammatory response
types of agranular leukocytes
- monocytes = largest WBCs - differentiate in macrohages - stimulate lymphocytes to defend the body
- lymphocytes
* Type B: give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
* type T: target and destroy specific threats
hemostasis
natural process of stopping the flow/loss of blood - 3 stages
1. Vascular spasm or intense contraction of blood vessels in the area
2. Formation of a platelet plug
3. Blood clotting = coagulation
Clotting process:
Ø Damage blood vessels stimulate production of prothrombin activator
Ø Activates the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin (reaction requires calcium ions)
Ø Thrombin -> conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin (long insoluble threads of protein)
Ø Fibrin: threads wind around the platelet plug -> forms net of fibres that holds platelets, blood cells and molecules against the opening
antigen
Ø ‘Nonself’ protein
Ø Activates immune system
Ø Immune system produces opposing protein called antibody.
antibodies
Ø = produced by lymphocytes
Ø Belong to class of plasma proteins called gamma globulins
Ø Different types: each one = specialized to attack one particular antigen
Ø Float freely in the blood & lymph until attack
Ø Bind to the antigen molecule to form an antigen-antibody complex
Ø antigen-antibody complex: inactivates foreign cells
agglutination
RBS’s clump together, blocking blood vessels
2 types of blood substitutes
- modified hemoglobin in watery solutions
- uses high oxygen-carrying capacity of perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
high oxygen-carrying capacity of perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
- PFCs = colourless liquids containing carbon & fluoride
- Not soluble in water - emulsified as small droplets in water
- Each droplet = 1/40th the size of a RBC - can travel through small blood vessels
- Can carry more oxygen than whole blood
- PFCs = man made & heat-sterilized - no risk of disease
- Can be stored for long periods without refrigerator
- Removed from bloodstream in 2 days by exhalation and evaporation via the lungs
- Only used as temporary substitute for blood
modified hemoglobin in watery solutions
- Hemoglobin comes from animals / = produced by genetic engineering in bacteria
- Still issues of limited supply & possible disease transmission
- Toxic to kidneys (hemoglobin must be ‘packaged’)
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries and veins
