Belangrijke termen (Rudi)

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

donates hydrogen

Question 2

base

Answer 2

accepts hydrogen

Question 3

buffer

Answer 3

tends to minimize the changes in pH that might occur when an acid or base is dropped into the solution

example = bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Question 4

pH

Answer 4

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 5

why is carbon the building block of organic molecules

Answer 5

can form strong covalent bonds with other atoms & its natural tendency to form four covalent bonds with other molecules

Question 6

dehydration synthesis

Answer 6

= condensation reaction
* subunits are joined by covalent bonds
* each time a subunit is added, the equivalent of a water molecule is removed.

Question 7

hydrolysis

Answer 7

= reverse of dehydration synthesis
* the equivalent of a watermolecule is added each time a covalent bond between subunits is the chain is broken.

Question 8

monosaccharides

Answer 8

simplest kind

Question 9

oligosaccharides

Answer 9

short strings of monosaccharides

Question 10

polysaccharides

Answer 10

thousands of monosaccharides joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 11

3 classes of lipids

Answer 11

triglycerides = energy-storage molecules
phospholipids = primary components of the cell membrane
steroids = are composed of four rings

Question 12

saturated vs unsaturated

Answer 12

saturated = all single bonds between carbons
unsaturated = some double bonds between the carbons

Question 13

hydrophilic (phospholipids)

Answer 13

water soluble (phosphate and glycerol)

Question 14

hydrophobic (phospholipids)

Answer 14

water insoluble (2 fatty acid tails)

Question 15

each amino acid has …

Answer 15

one amino group (NH2) and one carboxyl group (COOH) and one R group which differs in each protein.

Question 16

amino acids are linked by

Answer 16

peptide bonds

Question 17

polypeptide

Answer 17

3-100 polypeptides

Question 18

catalyst

Answer 18

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaciton without getting chemically involved

Question 19

structure of nucleotide

Answer 19

1. pentose group
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base

Question 20

passive transport

Answer 20

particles move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, along a concentration gradient.

• facilitated and simple diffusion and osmosis

Question 21

active transport

Answer 21

particles move from areas of a lower concentration to areas of a higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.

• sodium potassium pump, endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 22

hypertonic solution

Answer 22

lower concentration of solutes

Question 23

hypotonic solution

Answer 23

higher concentration of solutes

Question 24

isotonic solution

Answer 24

solutions on either side is equal

Question 25

metabolic processes

Answer 25

controlles and coordinated by a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions

Question 26

metabolic pathways

Answer 26

chains of enzyme catalysed reactoins

Question 27

anabolic pathway

Answer 27

= building molecules
* require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules

Question 28

catabolic pathways

Answer 28

= breaking down molecules
* the degredation of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing the chemical energy stored ni the bonds of those molecules

Question 29

4 stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 29

1. glycolysis
2. the preparatory step
3. the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
4. the electron transport system

Question 30

epithelial tissue

Answer 30

sheets of cells that line or cover various surfaces and body cavities

Question 31

function of epithelial tissue

Answer 31

› Protect underlying tissues.
› Smooth the reduce friction.
› Some are highly specialised for transporting materials – they absorb water and nutrients across intestines into blood.

Question 32

exocrine glands

Answer 32

secrete products into hollow duct or organ

Question 33

endocrine glands

Answer 33

secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Question 34

classification epithelial cells

Answer 34

You can classify epithelial cells into three types according to the shape of the cell:
1. Squamous epithelium – one or more layers of flattened cells
2. Cuboidal epithelium – cube-shaped cells
3. Columnar epithelium – tall, rectangular cells

You can also classify epithelial cells by the number of layers:
1. Simple epithelium – single layer of cells
2. Stratified epithelium – multiple layers

Question 35

integumentary system

Answer 35

skin and its accessory structures such as hair, nails and glands

Question 36

synergistic muscles

Answer 36

muscle groups that work together to create the same movement

Question 37

antagonistic muscles

Answer 37

muscle groups that oppose each other

Question 38

4 key points to understanding what makes a skeletal muscle contract and relax

Answer 38

1. Must be activated by a nerve.
2. Nerve activation increases the concentration of calcium in the area of the contractile proteins.
3. The presence of calcium permits contraction, the absence prevents it.
4. When a muscle cell is no longer stimulated by a nerve, contraction ends.

Question 39

When you break a bone:

Answer 39

1. Immediately after the fracture, blood vessels blood into the area, producing a mass of clotted blood = a hematoma
2. The repair process begins within days as fibroblasts migrate to the area.
3. Some fibroblasts become chondroblasts and produce a tough fibrocartilage bond between the two broken ends of the bone= a callus
4. Osteoclasts arrive and begin to remove dead fragments.
5. Osteoblasts arrive to deposit osteoid matrix and encourage the crystallization of calcium phosphate minerals, converting the callus into bone.

Question 40

isotonic contractions

Answer 40

whenever a muscle shortens while maintaining a constant force -> generation of enough muscle force to move an object (parts of the skeleton should move).

Question 41

isometric contractions

Answer 41

force is generated, muscle tension increases but bones and objects do not move.

Question 42

Pacemaker cells

Answer 42

cardiac muscle cells with the fastest rhythm that all cells follow

Question 43

intercalated discs

Answer 43

Cardiac muscles are joined at their blunt ends by structures called intercalated discs

Question 44

homeostasis

Answer 44

the tendency for an organism or cell to maintain a constant internal environment

Question 45

negative feedback

Answer 45

A process that involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it functions to reduce the change)

Question 46

neuroendocrine cells

Answer 46

function as both neural and endocrine cells

Question 47

colostrum

Answer 47

watery milk produced first few days after birth

Question 48

Aging

Answer 48

the process of change associates with the passage of time

Question 49

Senescence

Answer 49

the progressive deterioration of organs and multiple organ systems over time.

Question 50

basement membrane

Answer 50

Directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue is a supporting non-cellular layer

Question 51

Epithelial cells may be connected to each other by several types of cell junctions:

Answer 51

1. tight junctions
2. adhesion junctions
3. gap junctions

Question 52

Tight junctions

Answer 52

Create a seal that prevents the passage of substances between cells, maintaining distinct compartments.

Question 53

adhesion junctions

Answer 53

(=spot desmosomes) – looser in structure – allow for some movement between cells so that the tissues can stretch and bend

Question 54

gap junctions

Answer 54

Enable direct communication between cells through the passage of ions and small molecules, facilitating coordinated cellular functions.

Question 55

function of connective tissue

Answer 55

› Supports the softer organs of the body against gravity.
› Connects parts of the body together
› stores fat
› produce blood cells