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Biologie > Ziekteleer (Rudi) > Flashcards

Ziekteleer (Rudi) Flashcards

1
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • Caused by excessive bone loss over time, leading to brittle, easily broken bones.
  • Usually starts showing around age 35.
  • Caused by an imbalance between the rates of bone breakdown by osteoclasts and new bone formation by
    osteoblasts.
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2
Q

Sprains

A

stretched or torn ligaments

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3
Q

bursitis and tendinitis

A

The inflammation of the bursae or tendons

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4
Q

Arthritis

A

A general term for joint inflammation.

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5
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative condition in which the cartilage covering the ends of the bones wear out – causing more friction which eventually leads to an inflammation.

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6
Q

repetitive stress syndrome (carpal tunnel syndrome)

A

= performing the same task over and over

  • a condition due to repetitive typing on a computer keyboard
  • overuse produces swelilng and inflammation of the tendons, causing them to press against the nerve supplying the hand
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7
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

› The body’s immune system attacks and destroys acetylcholine receptors on the cell membrane of muscle cells.
› Affected muscles only respond weakly to nerve impulses or don’t respond at all.
› Most commonly impaired are the eye muscles -> double vision and drooping eyelids.
› Medication that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses can help people with this condition.

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8
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

› Genetic disease: Duchenne muscular dystrophy – single defective gene results in the lack of a particular muscle cell protein.
› Normal gene produces dystrophin (protein) that is part of the muscle cell membrane – function is to limit the inflow of calcium into
muscle cells.
› Modified dystrophin protein enables leakage of Calcium into cells – resulting in loss of muscle fibres and muscle wasting.
› Much of the muscle mass is replaced with connective tissue.
› Life expectancy = 30 years

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9
Q

tetanus

A

› Infection of deep wound by bacteria Clostridium tetani.
› The bacteria produce tetanus toxin, which causes muscles to contract forcefully.
› Death due to respiratory failure and preventable by tetanus vaccine.

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10
Q

muscle cramps

A

often caused by ion imbalances

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11
Q

pulled muscles

A

result from overstretching of a muscle and the fibres tear apart

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12
Q

fasciitis

A

› Inflammation of fascia (connective tissue)
› Usually caused by straining or tearing the sole of foot (plantar fasciitis).

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13
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

» Disorder of blood sugar regulation.
- Inability to get glucose into cells where it can be used, results in high blood sugar levels.
- Glucose and excess water appear in the urine.

» Abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids causes most of the complications.

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14
Q

TYPE I diabetes

A

» Pancreas does not produce enough insulin – autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
» Genetic component and/or environmental trigger – onset during childhood or adolescence

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15
Q

TYPE II diabetes

A

» Characterized by insulin resistance: cells fail to respond appropriately to insulin.
» Lifestyle factors play a role in onset – onset mostly in adults over 40.

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16
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underactive thyroid
* with children - cretinism
* with adults - myxedema

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17
Q

cretinism

A

=slowed growth, altered brain development, delayed puberty

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18
Q

myxedema

A

edema, lethargy, weight gain, low BMR

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19
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactive thyroid

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20
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism

21
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • adrenal gland disorder
  • too little cortisol and aldosterone
  • Failure of adrenal cortex – hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
  • lowers blood glucose and sodium
  • slow to develop, chronic fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, bronzing of the skin.
22
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A
  • adrenal gland disorder
  • too much cortisol
  • Excessive cortisol secretion
  • excessive production of glucose from glycogen
  • retention of too much salt and water
  • loss of muscle mass, change in fat distribution
  • similar symptoms seen with use of cortisol(-like) drugs.
23
Q

hypogonadism

A
  • adrenal gland disorder
  • abnormally low testosterone levels
  1. Before birth: undeveloped or ambiguous female genitalia
  2. Prior to adolescence: delayed or incomplete male sexual maturation
  3. Adult males: low sperm count, erectile dysfunction, unusual fatigue, decreased sex drive, depression

TREATMENT = testosterone replacement therapy

24
Q

hypersecretion (pituitary gland)

A
  1. Gigantism
  2. Acromegaly
25
Q

hyposecretion (pituitary gland)

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
  2. Pituitary dwarfism
26
Q

gigantism

A

too much of the growth hormone in childhood

27
Q

acromegaly

A

too much of the growth hormone over long periods in adults

28
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

too little of ADH resulting in the inability to conserve water properly

29
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

too little of the growth hormone - treated by administration of the GH during childhood

30
Q

kidney stones

A

= crystalised minerals that can block urine flow

31
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

the presence of microbes in urine or an infection in any part of the urinary system

32
Q

acute renal failure

A

= kidney impairments that are short-term and possibly correctable

Examples: Decreases in the blood pressure to below the pressure required for kidney filtration- large kidney stones in the renal pelvis – infections – transfusion reactions – burns – etc.

33
Q

Chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

long-term irreversible damage leading to at least a 60% reduction in functioning nephrons and failure of the kidneys to function properly.

  • One of the most common causes of ESRD is diabetes – people with diabetes have a chance of developing a mild form of renal impairment called diabetic nephropathy
34
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

progressive loss of renal filtration capacity along with presence of proteins in urine

35
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

food cravings, mood swings, anxiety, etc.

36
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

37
Q

syphilis

A

› Caused by bacteria treponema pallidum.
› Develops in three phases.
1. Primary phase – a hard, dry bacteria filled sore appears (cancre).
2. Secondary phase – bacteria spreads
3. Tertiary phase – bacteria may invade cardiovascular and/or nervous sytem.

treatment = penicilin

38
Q

congenital syphilis

A

The child of a syphilis infected woman can be born blind, malformed, or dead because the bacteria crossed the placenta.

39
Q

gonorrhea

A

› Caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea.
› Male symptoms = penile discharge, painful urination
› Female discharge = vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating.
› Can be passed to baby – born with serious eye infections.
› Treatment = antibiotics

40
Q

chlamydia

A

› Caused by bacteria chlamydia trachomatis.
› Symptoms: penile/vaginal discharge and burning/itching sensation
› Can lead to PID if untreated in women.
› Can infect newborn.
› Treatment = antibiotics

41
Q

Bacterial STD’s

A
  1. syphilis
  2. gonorrhea
  3. chlamydia
42
Q

Viral STD’s

A
  1. HIV
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Human papillomavirus
  4. Genital herpes
43
Q

HIV

A

slowly destroys the immune system, causing AIDS, treatment may receive remission but no cure.

44
Q

Hepatitis B

A

(hepatitis = inflammation to the liver): more contagious than HIV, but not as deadly, vaccine available for prevention

45
Q

HPV

A

can cause warts in genital area – two types cause cervical cancer – vaccines administered at age 11 or 12 to prevent cervical cancer

46
Q

genital herpes

A

painful blisters may recur periodically – drugs will suppress outbreaks and contagious phase, but no cure – may infect infants during birth

47
Q

Yeast infections

A

caused by candida albicans – easily treated with antifungal drugs.

48
Q

trichomoniasis

A

can cause vaginitis (inflammation of vagina) – easily treatable with drugs.

49
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity

Biologie (10 decks)

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