Ziekteleer (Rudi)

Question 1

osteoporosis

Answer 1

• Caused by excessive bone loss over time, leading to brittle, easily broken bones.
• Usually starts showing around age 35.
• Caused by an imbalance between the rates of bone breakdown by osteoclasts and new bone formation by
  osteoblasts.

Question 2

Sprains

Answer 2

stretched or torn ligaments

Question 3

bursitis and tendinitis

Answer 3

The inflammation of the bursae or tendons

Question 4

Arthritis

Answer 4

A general term for joint inflammation.

Question 5

osteoarthritis

Answer 5

degenerative condition in which the cartilage covering the ends of the bones wear out – causing more friction which eventually leads to an inflammation.

Question 6

repetitive stress syndrome (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Answer 6

= performing the same task over and over

• a condition due to repetitive typing on a computer keyboard
• overuse produces swelilng and inflammation of the tendons, causing them to press against the nerve supplying the hand

Question 7

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 7

› The body’s immune system attacks and destroys acetylcholine receptors on the cell membrane of muscle cells.
› Affected muscles only respond weakly to nerve impulses or don’t respond at all.
› Most commonly impaired are the eye muscles -> double vision and drooping eyelids.
› Medication that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses can help people with this condition.

Question 8

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 8

› Genetic disease: Duchenne muscular dystrophy – single defective gene results in the lack of a particular muscle cell protein.
› Normal gene produces dystrophin (protein) that is part of the muscle cell membrane – function is to limit the inflow of calcium into
muscle cells.
› Modified dystrophin protein enables leakage of Calcium into cells – resulting in loss of muscle fibres and muscle wasting.
› Much of the muscle mass is replaced with connective tissue.
› Life expectancy = 30 years

Question 9

tetanus

Answer 9

› Infection of deep wound by bacteria Clostridium tetani.
› The bacteria produce tetanus toxin, which causes muscles to contract forcefully.
› Death due to respiratory failure and preventable by tetanus vaccine.

Question 10

muscle cramps

Answer 10

often caused by ion imbalances

Question 11

pulled muscles

Answer 11

result from overstretching of a muscle and the fibres tear apart

Question 12

fasciitis

Answer 12

› Inflammation of fascia (connective tissue)
› Usually caused by straining or tearing the sole of foot (plantar fasciitis).

Question 13

diabetes mellitus

Answer 13

» Disorder of blood sugar regulation.
- Inability to get glucose into cells where it can be used, results in high blood sugar levels.
- Glucose and excess water appear in the urine.

» Abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids causes most of the complications.

Question 14

TYPE I diabetes

Answer 14

» Pancreas does not produce enough insulin – autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
» Genetic component and/or environmental trigger – onset during childhood or adolescence

Question 15

TYPE II diabetes

Answer 15

» Characterized by insulin resistance: cells fail to respond appropriately to insulin.
» Lifestyle factors play a role in onset – onset mostly in adults over 40.

Question 16

hypothyroidism

Answer 16

underactive thyroid
* with children - cretinism
* with adults - myxedema

Question 17

cretinism

Answer 17

=slowed growth, altered brain development, delayed puberty

Question 18

myxedema

Answer 18

edema, lethargy, weight gain, low BMR

Question 19

hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

overactive thyroid

Question 20

Grave’s disease

Answer 20

autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism

Question 21

Addison’s disease

Answer 21

• adrenal gland disorder
• too little cortisol and aldosterone
• Failure of adrenal cortex – hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
• lowers blood glucose and sodium
• slow to develop, chronic fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, bronzing of the skin.

Question 22

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 22

• adrenal gland disorder
• too much cortisol
• Excessive cortisol secretion
• excessive production of glucose from glycogen
• retention of too much salt and water
• loss of muscle mass, change in fat distribution
• similar symptoms seen with use of cortisol(-like) drugs.

Question 23

hypogonadism

Answer 23

• adrenal gland disorder
• abnormally low testosterone levels

1. Before birth: undeveloped or ambiguous female genitalia
2. Prior to adolescence: delayed or incomplete male sexual maturation
3. Adult males: low sperm count, erectile dysfunction, unusual fatigue, decreased sex drive, depression

TREATMENT = testosterone replacement therapy

Question 24

hypersecretion (pituitary gland)

Answer 24

1. Gigantism
2. Acromegaly

Question 25

hyposecretion (pituitary gland)

Answer 25

1. Diabetes insipidus 2. Pituitary dwarfism

Question 26

gigantism

Answer 26

too much of the growth hormone in childhood

Question 27

acromegaly

Answer 27

too much of the growth hormone over long periods in adults

Question 28

diabetes insipidus

Answer 28

too little of ADH resulting in the inability to conserve water properly

Question 29

Pituitary dwarfism

Answer 29

too little of the growth hormone - treated by administration of the GH during childhood

Question 30

kidney stones

Answer 30

= crystalised minerals that can block urine flow

Question 31

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 31

the presence of microbes in urine or an infection in any part of the urinary system

Question 32

acute renal failure

Answer 32

= kidney impairments that are short-term and possibly correctable Examples: Decreases in the blood pressure to below the pressure required for kidney filtration- large kidney stones in the renal pelvis – infections – transfusion reactions – burns – etc.

Question 33

Chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 33

long-term irreversible damage leading to at least a 60% reduction in functioning nephrons and failure of the kidneys to function properly. * One of the most common causes of ESRD is diabetes – people with diabetes have a chance of developing a mild form of renal impairment called diabetic nephropathy

Question 34

diabetic nephropathy

Answer 34

progressive loss of renal filtration capacity along with presence of proteins in urine

Question 35

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 35

food cravings, mood swings, anxiety, etc.

Question 36

dysmenorrhea

Answer 36

painful menstruation

Question 37

syphilis

Answer 37

› Caused by bacteria treponema pallidum. › Develops in three phases. 1. Primary phase – a hard, dry bacteria filled sore appears (cancre). 2. Secondary phase – bacteria spreads 3. Tertiary phase – bacteria may invade cardiovascular and/or nervous sytem. treatment = penicilin

Question 38

congenital syphilis

Answer 38

The child of a syphilis infected woman can be born blind, malformed, or dead because the bacteria crossed the placenta.

Question 39

gonorrhea

Answer 39

› Caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea. › Male symptoms = penile discharge, painful urination › Female discharge = vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating. › Can be passed to baby – born with serious eye infections. › Treatment = antibiotics

Question 40

chlamydia

Answer 40

› Caused by bacteria chlamydia trachomatis. › Symptoms: penile/vaginal discharge and burning/itching sensation › Can lead to PID if untreated in women. › Can infect newborn. › Treatment = antibiotics

Question 41

Bacterial STD's

Answer 41

1. syphilis 2. gonorrhea 3. chlamydia

Question 42

Viral STD's

Answer 42

1. HIV 2. Hepatitis B 3. Human papillomavirus 4. Genital herpes

Question 43

HIV

Answer 43

slowly destroys the immune system, causing AIDS, treatment may receive remission but no cure.

Question 44

Hepatitis B

Answer 44

(hepatitis = inflammation to the liver): more contagious than HIV, but not as deadly, vaccine available for prevention

Question 45

HPV

Answer 45

can cause warts in genital area – two types cause cervical cancer – vaccines administered at age 11 or 12 to prevent cervical cancer

Question 46

genital herpes

Answer 46

painful blisters may recur periodically – drugs will suppress outbreaks and contagious phase, but no cure – may infect infants during birth

Question 47

Yeast infections

Answer 47

caused by candida albicans – easily treated with antifungal drugs.

Question 48

trichomoniasis

Answer 48

can cause vaginitis (inflammation of vagina) – easily treatable with drugs.

Question 49

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 49

the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity