Zaidi: Principles of Development

Question 1

What controls development of organisms

Answer 1

Differential gene expression

Question 2

Homologous proteins are functionally _____

Answer 2

Interchangeable

Question 3

After genome becomes activated, cells divide and cohere to form a _______

Answer 3

Blastula

Question 4

Blastula undergoes massive rearrangements to form ______

Answer 4

Gastrula

Question 5

Ectoderm is precursor for

Answer 5

Nervous system and epidermis

Question 6

Endoderm is precursor for

Answer 6

Gut, lung and liver

Question 7

Mesoderm is precursor for

Answer 7

Muscles and connective tissue

Question 8

What is it called when multiple organisms have several homologs of the same gene

Answer 8

Gene duplication

Question 9

What proteins are most important for development

Answer 9

Gene regulatory proteins

Question 10

Coding sequence vs non coding sequence in development

Answer 10

Coding sequences in DNA are similar in most organisms, but non coding sequences make one organism different from another–uniqueness

Question 11

Cells fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in environment

Answer 11

Determined

Question 12

Cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in environment

Answer 12

Completely undetermined

Question 13

Cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with environment

Answer 13

Committed

Question 14

Position specific character of a cell is called

Answer 14

Positional value

Question 15

Cells can become different due to

Answer 15

Assymetric division

Question 16

Cells born the same can become different due to

Answer 16

Change in environment after birth

Question 17

Most important environmental cues are

Answer 17

Signals from neighboring cells

Question 18

Inductive signaling is

Answer 18

Induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogenous group leading to altered character

Question 19

Morphogen is

Answer 19

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells
Exerts graded effects by forming gradients of different concentrations

Question 20

Gradient can be formed in what two ways

Answer 20

Localized production of an inducer that diffuses away from its source
Localized production of an inhibitor that diffuses away and blocks the action of a uniformly distributed inducer

Question 21

Combinatorial control

Answer 21

Response of a cell to a given signal may differ based on the presence of other signals (combinations create variety)

Question 22

Cell memory

Answer 22

Effect of a given signal depends of previous experiences of the cell (which may have altered its chromatin, regulatory proteins, transcription and RNA)

Question 23

Sequential induction

Answer 23

Different signals formed/secreted in a spatial and temporal manner

Question 24

Ultimate result of inductive events is

Answer 24

Change in DNA transcription

Question 25

Response to signals depends on

Answer 25

Spatial and temporal expression of different sets of genes