White: Cell signaling 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adenylyl cyclase is an example of

A

An effector

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2
Q

SOS is a _____ that binds _____

A

GEF, which binds and phosphorylates Ras (Small GTPase)

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3
Q

MAP kinase cascade

A
MAP kinaseX3 (Raf) ---->
MAP kinaseX2 (Mek) ---->
MAP kinase (Erk)---->
Nucleus---->
Increased gene transcription---->
Uncontrolled cell division (cancer)
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4
Q

Activated PKA can

A

Regulate proteins by addition of phosphate group
Phosphate group can form part of structure that other proteins recognize
Alter activation/inactivation of target proteins
Alter intracellular localization of proteins
Alter abundance of proteins

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5
Q

GRKs– G-protein receptor kinase function

A

Phosphorylate receptor such that another protein -arrestin- binds to the 3rd loop of the receptor and prevents G-alpha from interacting with 3rd loop
Result is that G protein and G-alpha-GDP does not get converted to G-alpha-GTP by receptor

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6
Q

G-protein subunits

A

Alpha, beta, gamma subunits

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7
Q

Phospholipase C does what

A

Cleaves membrane protein PIP2

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8
Q

Receptor destruction

A

Endosomes + lysosomes/proteases

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9
Q

Hfe mutation

A

If Hfe is mutated it cannot associate with Tfr2 so Hepcidin expression cannot be increased
If Hepcidin can not be increased, ferroportin receptors will not be internalized and excess iron will flow into blood

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10
Q

Grb2 has ______ domain that binds _____

A

SH3 domain of Grb binds to Prolines in SOS

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11
Q

When iron is high, Hepcidin….

A

Hepcidin expression increases which lowers amount of ferroportins

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12
Q

DMT1

A

Iron transporter - transports iron into intestinal cell

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13
Q

Effects of DAG

A

DAG, along with calcium, bind PKC which phosphorylates a variety of membrane and cytoplasmic substrates

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14
Q

PIP2 produces

A

DAG and IP3

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15
Q

JAK-STAT pathway

A

Receptors bind ligand (cytokines)
Receptors dimerize and bind JAK
JAKs phosphorylate eachother and receptor
Receptor binds and phosphorylates STATs
STATs dissociate, dimerize, and go to nucleus
STATs bind DNA and cause transcription

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16
Q

Hormone level drop

A

Decreased adenylyl cyclase activity - decreased cAMP - decreased PKA activity

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17
Q

Remove signaling molecule

A

Phosphodiesterases will remove cAMP

18
Q

What effector is activated when GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) binds Gaq or Gao

A

Phospholipase C

19
Q

Hereditary hemochromastosis causes

A

Uncontrollable iron absorption

20
Q

Effects of IP3

A

Triggers release of calcium from ER by binding to IP3 gated calcium channel
Calcium can act as second messenger

21
Q

RTKs bind to

A

SH2 domain on adaptor proteins (Grb2)

22
Q

2 major cell responses from external signals

A

Change in activity or function of enzymes/proteins in the cell- Fast
Change in amounts of proteins by change in gene expression- Slow

23
Q

Ferroportin

A

Iron transporter- transports iron out of intestinal cell and into blood

24
Q

Calcium function as second messenger

A

Binds/activates calmodulin

Calmodulin then activates other proteins such as CaM kinase II which can activate transcription factors

25
Q

Hfe

A

Membrane protein that binds to Tfr1
When iron binds Tfr1, Hfe is activated and binds Tfr2
Tfr2 then works through Smad pathway to induce Hepcidin expression

26
Q

Epinephrine induces

A

Activation of PKA

27
Q

cAMP is an example of

A

A second messenger

28
Q

Hepcidin

A

Regulator of iron homeostasis

Binds ferroportin and causes internalization/destruction

29
Q

JAK-STAT is a

A

More direct route for impacting transcription

30
Q

Nitric oxide signaling is an example of

A

Paracrine signaling

31
Q

Serine-Threonine receptor pathway

A

More direct route to impact transcription
Receptor activated by phosphorylation
Receptor binds R-Smad and phosphorylates
R-Smad binds Co-Smad and they move into nucleus to effect transcription

32
Q

Steps of G-protein signaling

A

Ligand binds receptor
Conformational change in receptor
Receptor binds G-protein
Receptor acts as GEF
G-alpha protein changes conformation-replaces GDP with GTP
G-alpha becomes active and binds effector molecule
Effector molecule is activated (i.e.-adenylyl cyclase activates and forms cAMP)

33
Q

Ras binds _____ and initiates

A

Raf, initiates MAP kinase cascade

34
Q

Types of receptors

A

Transmembrane and intracellular

Hydrophobic molecules can cross membrane and bind intracellular receptors

35
Q

RTK Receptor tyrosine kinase description

A

Important role in signal transduction
Enzyme linked receptors
Used for response to growth factors
Autophosphorylates

36
Q

cAMP activates, it takes how many molecules of cAMP

A

Protein kinase PKA

2 cAMP molecules required to activate

37
Q

Intracellular receptors effect what when activated

A

Typically effect gene expression

38
Q

Erythropoeitin and JAK-STAT

A

Erythropoeitin employs JAK-STAT to initiate signaling

39
Q

Receptor sequestration

A

Endosomal invagination of area of membrane w/receptor

40
Q

Densensitization

A

Ability to turn off or reject signal

41
Q

Downstream effects of PKA in fight/flight response

A
Generate lots of ATP
liver-break down glycogen to glucose
liver-inhibit glycogen synthesis
Cardiac muscle- increase contraction
Adipose tissue- Hydrolysis of triglycerides to generate glucose