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Molecular Biology > White: Cytoskeleton 1&2 > Flashcards

White: Cytoskeleton 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis and anemia

A

Diseases caused by defect in RBC cytoskeleton- Spectrin

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2
Q

Cytoskeletal filaments consist of

A

Multiple protofilaments

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3
Q

Actin filaments

A

Like mardis gras beads

Determine shape of cells surface and are necessary for whole-cell locomotion, secretion and endocytosis

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4
Q

Microtubules

A

Slinky of life
Determines the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles
Directs intracellular transport
Make up centrioles and mitotic spindle
Make up cilia and flagella
One end attached to organizing center-centrosome

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5
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Girders of life-rope like properties
Strong filament, provides mechanical strength
Resists mechanical stress
Allows formation of hairs and fingernails

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6
Q

Polarity for intestinal cells is maintained by

A

The cytoskeleton

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7
Q

Microvilli increase surface area by __X

A

4x

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8
Q

Cytoskeletal polymers are held together by _____ which means what

A

Weak noncovalent interactions, which means that their assembly and disassembly can occur rapidly

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9
Q

______ are stiff and difficult to bend

______ are flexible and easily bent

A

Microtubules are stiff and difficult to bend

Actin filaments are flexible and easy to bend

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10
Q

Nucleation

A

Initial process in polymerization of actin filaments and microtubules

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11
Q

Nucleoside hydrolysis leads to

A

Treadmilling and dynamic instability

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12
Q

Treadmilling predominates in

A

Actin filaments

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13
Q

Catastrophe

A

Change from rapid growth to rapid shrinkage

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14
Q

Rescue

A

Change from rapid shrinkage to rapid growth

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15
Q

Hydrolysis of GTP changes

A

Conformation of the subunits, making protofilaments curved, which can then be easily depolymerized

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16
Q

Dynamic instability predominates in

A

Microtubules

-This is important in separation of chromosomes during mitosis

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17
Q

Intermediate filament formed by

A

Eight parallel tetramers (protofilaments) packed together laterally

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18
Q

Rate-limiting step in formation of cytoskeletal filament

A

Nucleation

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19
Q

ARP complex

A

In presence of activation factor, nucleates actin filament growth from the minus end, allowing elongation at the plus end

  • Bypasses rate limiting step of nucleation
  • Branches at 70 degree angle
  • Used in Listeria
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20
Q

Formin

A

Nucleates the growth of straight and un-branched actin filaments
Remains associated with rapidly growing plus end as it elongates

21
Q

Thymosin

A

Binds actin subunits, preventing assembly into polymer

22
Q

Profilin

A

Recruits actin monomers to the actin filament for polymerization
Exposes the site of actin that binds to the plus end

23
Q

Tropomodulin

A

Prevents assembly/disassembly at minus end (stabilizes actin filaments) for long lived filament stabilization

24
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Stabilizes filament, prevents binding with other proteins

25
Q

Capping protein

A

Prevents assembly/disassembly at plus end

26
Q

Cofilin

A

Binds ADP-actin, accelerates disassembly

27
Q

Gelsolin

A

Severs actin filaments and binds to plus end

Helps with new and rapid assembly or disassembly

28
Q

Actin is organized into which two types of arrays

A

Bundle and web-like (gel-like) networks

29
Q

Alpha-actinin

A

Bundling protein- cross links actin filaments into loose bundles, allowing myosin II to enter to make actin filaments contractile

30
Q

Fimbrin

A

Bundling protein- Cross- links actin filaments into tight bundles, excluding myosin II

31
Q

Filamin

A

Promotes the formation of loose, highly viscous gel-like networks by clamping together 2 actin filaments at right angles
Cells require actin gel in order to extend membrane projections
Helps cells to crawl, cannot crawl without filamen

32
Q

Filamin helps cells

A

Crawl across a solid surface

Cells require the actin gel in order to extend membrane projections

33
Q

Spectrin

A

Attaches cytoskeleton to membrane in RBC

34
Q

ERM family

A

Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin

Mediates the attachments b/w actin and plasma membrane

35
Q

Stathmin

A

Binds microtubule subunits, preventing assembly

36
Q

TIPS

A

The plus end tracking proteins

Remains associated with growing plus ends and can link them to structures such as the membrane

37
Q

y-TuRC

A

y-tubulin ring complex

Nucleates assembly and remains associated with minus end

38
Q

Katanin

A

Severs microtubules

39
Q

MAPs

A

Stabilizes microtubules by binding along sides

40
Q

XMAP215

A

Microtubule associated protein that stabilizes plus ends and accelerates assembly
Inhibits switch from growing to shrinking state

41
Q

Kinesin 13

A

Enhances catastrophic disassembly at plus end

42
Q

MAPs have __ domains

A

2 domains, one that binds microtubule and one that projects outward

43
Q

Plectin

A

Cross-linking protein, links microtubules to intermediate filaments

44
Q

Tau

A

MAP protein, forms bundles of more closely packed microtubules
Binds microtubule at both its N- and C- termini
Has short projecting loop

45
Q

MAP2

A

Long projecting domain
Second microtubule binding domain at other end
Forms bundles of stable microtubules that are kept widely spaced

46
Q

Cytoplasmic dynein

A

Vesicle trafficking, localization of the golgi apparatus

47
Q

Axonemal dynein

A

Specialized for rapid and efficient sliding movements of microtubule that drive the beating of cilia and flagella

48
Q

Microtubule nucleation at the centrosome is mediated by

A

y-tubulin

49
Q

Actin filaments are nucleated near

A

The plasma membrane- mediated by ARP complex and formin

Molecular Biology (25 decks)

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