yuefbhjwdshiujknvsdiohuewjkd Flashcards by Yasmin Wheeler

investigation for bronchiectasis

High resolution CT

tram tracking / signet ring sign
bronchiole wider than neighbouring arteriole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does lung malignancy cause

exudative pleural effusion ie protein >35

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thrombolysis drug

alteplase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

curb65 score >4

admit to hospital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tumour marker for HCC

alphafeto protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transmural

crohns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reduced goblet cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rockall and ggow/blatchford

upper gi bleeding / pre-endoscopy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hepatic encephalopathy grade 3

somnolent but arousable

0- nothing wrong
1 - tired / mild confusion / disordered sleep
2 - lethargic / asterixis
4 - coma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anaemia associated with autoimmune diseases

pernicious

vitB12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complication of Barrett oesophagus

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dry skin dry eyes itching jaundice extreme fatigue

anti mitochondrial antibodies +

PBC

women under 40yrs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1st 6 weeks tx for h pylori

amoxicillin clarithromycin and a PPI

if still present post 6 weeks then try metronidazole instead of clarithromycin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

h pylori pre endoscopy

The patient should not have taken antibiotics or bismuth products for four weeks and no PPI for two weeks before H. Pylori diagnosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prophylaxis for hepatic encephalopathy

lactulose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what populations are you likely to see wolf parkinson white

younger pop.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if someone has pleuritic chest pain 1-6 weeks after an MI what we thinking !?

dresslers !!!!

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is dresslers

secondary pericariditis post MI

pleuritic chest pain
low grade fever
worse when lying down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hepatitis most associated with IVDUs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trans-oesophageal echocardiogram - when to use diagnostically ?

anything wrong with heart valves ie infective endocarditis ALWAYS do a TOE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is anaphylaxis any good for IE

nopeeeeee just prophylactic antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

features of rheumatic fever

polyartritis
chorea
subcutaneous nodules
erythema magnum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

left circumflex artery affected ?

anteroseptal leads

ie V1-v4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sympathetic activity on the GI system

reduced GI blood flow ie fight or flight response - blood is redirected to more things like skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hirschsprungs disease

absence colonic innervation -absent or defective intramural nerves ie 1 month old baby not passing any stools for two weeks - bad constipation

most common cause of pre-hepatic jaundice

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency neonatal jaundice sickle cell anaemia gilberts

what is mainly responsible for the secretion of GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

presence of glucose in the duodenum K cells secrete GIP

what are the functions of GIP

induces insulin release from beta cells in the endocrine pancreas decreasing blood sugar levels (ie signal = glucose in the duodenum)

MoA of GIP

binds to a GPCR > ATP - cAMP > protein kinase A

does pyruvate > acetyl coa require o2

yeah bro if not it becomes lactate

enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate dehydrogenase 2 Co As are also required

by-products of pyruvate oxidation

two carbon dioxide molecules | two NADH+

which layer of the GI tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation

muscularis externa

how does the myenteric plexus work auerbach's

so food stuffs in the lumen will interact with epithelial cells and the cells can essentially tell if the food is in front of it or behind it , the cells signal the sensory neurones that connects the epithelial cells to the : ascending and descending neurone network in the muscularis externa the sensory neurones trigger either : ORAL -the ascending neurones to cause contraction of the circular inner muscularis via Ach and Sub. P -the descending neurones to cause relaxation of the outer longitudinal muscle via NO and VIP ABORAL the opposite essential ie Ach and Sub P redirected to longitudinal

parasympathetic action on GI tract

rest and digest

which cells in the intestinal crypts contain digestive enzymes

enterocytes

why does HF cause oedema then mate

reduced co kidneys aren't being perfused as well as they could be do can't filter blood as well (ie increase of solutes etc in circulation) this increases venous pressure this increase hydrostatic pressure this means that the pressure gradient needed for tissue fluid to be reabsorbed at the venue is decreased so lots of tissue fluid staying in the tissue =oedema

is a VSD a cyanotic lesion

not initially >pulmonary hypertension (eisenmenger's)

what congenital defect is most common in people with Down's Syndrome

VSD

what type of lesions is a PDA

ASD

how to calculate MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE not mapb

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

chronic mechanism to compensate for HF

increase right atrial pressure

acute mechanisms to compensate for HF

increase sympathetic activity

in heart failure - excitation coupling is deranged by what ?

the upregulation of the sarcolemmal Na/Ca exchanger In heart failure, the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is upregulated. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is located in the sarcolemma, acting to transport Na+ into cardiomyocytes and Ca2+ out of cardiomyocytes.

what does adrenaline act on IN THE HEART

what effect does adrenaline have on the funny current

increases

obligate anaerobe

killed by oxygen

microaerophile

needs lower oxygen levels

facultative anaerobe

can grow in both absence and presence of oxygen

anaerobic bacilli gram +

clostridium bacilli

what abx to treat coliforms

gentamicin

associated with staph epidermis infection

foreign devices

the three bacteriostatic antibiotics

macrolides tetracyclines trimethoprim

4cs

co-amoxiclav clindamycin cephalosporins / ceftriaxone ciprofloxacin

antibiotic resistance - CDE

change in gene to abx destruction of abx efflux pumps increase

when might FISH not be appropriate

looking for small chromosomal changes

Philadelphia chromosome

reciprocal translocation between 9 and 22

promoter mutation

no protein

missense mutation

different non-functioning protein

nonsense

short or absent protein

splice site mutation

abnormal or absent protein

peptide bond formation enzyme

peptidyl transferase

central dogma

DNA RNA protein

what direction does DNA grow

5 to 3

enzyme in TCA cycle

succinate dehydrogenase

TCA cycle net yield

``` ATP - 4 NADH - 10 FADH2 - 2 H+ - 10 CO2 - 6 ```

role of pyruvate dehydrogenase

catalyses decarboxylation of pyruvate releasing carbon dioxide and producing H+ and NADH

ventricular fibrillation tx

electrical defibrillation

ventricular tachycardia tx

lignocaine / amiodarone dc cardiovert

atrial fibrillation tx

beta blockers

atrial flutter tx

radio-frequency catheter ablation