principles formative Flashcards
patient with benign enlargement of the prostate gland has bilateral, similarly enlarged kidneys on uS
a scan a few years ago was normal
mechanism in play here?
mass effect
- growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects
which fibres does the posterior root contain ?
sensory fibres
which fibres do anterior rootlets and roots contain
motor fibres
spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory fibres
vertebral level at which the spinal cord ends
L1/L2
where are lumbar punctures done
L3/L4
long bones are generally located in which part of the skeleton
appendicular
where does the pelvic cavity lie
in-between pelvic inlet and outlet
can cartilage help with joint mobility
yes
is increased mobility of a joint associated with increased stability
no loser
3 facts about coronary sinus
RA - thesbian valves - folds
remnant of embryological sinoatrial valve
classical feature of ulna
olecranon - look a bit like a pacman
tibia
fat shin bone
sounds like ‘tubby’
where does fertilisation normally occur in vivo
ampulla of uterine tube
what structure receives oocyte at ovulation
infundibulum
isthmus is skinny and where the uterine tube enters the uterus
lol
which WBC is more red histologically speaking
eosinophil
a tissue is normal and is composed of very elongated cells with each cell having multiple nuclei, what cell is this
skeletal muscle cell
striated , multinucleated
neurons are also very long but not multinucleated
what type of tissue is packed with extracellular bundles of collagen fibres
dense - connective tissue
regular (tendon) or irregular (periosteum_
when are germ layers formed
gastrulation - migration of cells through primitive streak
what is cleavage
earliest cell division of embryo
morphogenesis ?
formation of body plan
organogenesis ?
development of primordia of all organs of the body
where are ribosomes produced
nucleolus
site of lipid synthesis
SER
site of protein synthesis
RER
what syndrome is seen with coarctation of the aorta
Turners
can cause radial-femoral pulse delay via distal left subclavian artery
corkscrew appearance on ECG
torsade de pointes
ECG appearance of hypothermia
J waves / Osborne waves
nocturnal cough + pink frothy sputum
pul. congestion > LHF > CHF
what do catabolic pathways oxidise
macromolecules , thereby producing ATP
hexokinase is enzyme that catalyses an irreversible reaction during glycolysis - true or false
true
what is our primary energy source
glucose
how is lactic acid produced
through
anaerobic oxidation of glucose/pyruvate
when is a cell considered fully charged
if it contains ATP
which order are the amino acids of the peptide given by convention
from N terminal to C terminal
where the carboxyl group of one amino acid binds with the amino end of another amino acid
what enzyme transcribes genetic material
RNA polymerase
what do tRNA molecules carry
amino acids
what is a transcription factor
proteins that bind to DNA
function of FiFo ATPase
a proton pore which utilises the energy yielded from the return of protons along their ECGradient in a condensation reaction with ADP and Pi to yield ATP
what chemical is produced as a result of oxidation of glucose through aerobic glycolysis
pyruvate
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what does a 6 carbon molecule of glucose become in glycolysis
two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
what is pyruvate decarboxylated by and to make what
pyruvate dehydrogenase
to make
acetyl-coA
the rate of reaction is matched by NADH regeneration by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase
true or false in reduction of pyruvate to lactate
true
describe quaternary structure
the relative orientation of one polypeptide to another polypeptide in a multisubunit protein
what do post ganglionic fibres of parasympathetic release as a neurotransmitter
Ach
do drug reactions increase lipid solubility or decrease
decrease
what phase in drug metabolism makes a drug more toxic / carcinogenic
Phase I - oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
what happens in phase 2
conjugation
-metabolism ie conjugation with an endogenous compound ie glucuronidation
define drug dependence
related to the body’s ability to adapt to the presence of a drug
what is an agonist
a drug that has the same effect on a receptor as the endogenous chemical messenger ie will make a certain reaction happen more
what does IV infusion exhibit in terms of kinetics
first order kinetics
what are first order elimination kinetics
concentration dependent based ie the more infusion the faster the clearance
what are zero order kinetics
non-concentration based
what will happen if IV infusion rate of administration was doubled - first order kinetics
doubling the rate of administration doubles the steady state plasma
what has a direct effect upon the elimination half-life
clearance
vol. of distribution
which one of these chemical modifications of a drug that is characteristic of phase one metabolism :
acetylation glucuronidation methylation oxidation sulphation
oxidation
what is the apparent volume of distribution for a given drug
an extra-polated volume that can be calculated from the dose of the drug divided by the plasma concentration of the drug
which receptors mediate the increase in rate and force due to stimulation of sympathetic division in ANS
beta-1 receptors
these are found in the heart kidney and fat cells
sympathetic nervous system adrenergic receptors
a1
a2
b1
b2
what is BP
outward hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
what is MABP
the average arterial BP during a single cardiac cycle
is a pure phospholipid bilayer membrane extremely impermeable to water - soluble substances ?
yes
can small polar uncharged molecules cross the membrane freely
yes ie O2 CO2 NH3 H2O
describe transport across cell membrane
facilitated diffusion uses a carrier to transfer a substance across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient
describe active transport of drugs across the plasma membrane
water soluble drugs enter the cell through specialised carrier proteins that require energy
