principles formative

Question 1

patient with benign enlargement of the prostate gland has bilateral, similarly enlarged kidneys on uS

a scan a few years ago was normal

mechanism in play here?

Answer 1

mass effect

• growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects

Question 2

which fibres does the posterior root contain ?

Answer 2

sensory fibres

Question 3

which fibres do anterior rootlets and roots contain

Answer 3

motor fibres

spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory fibres

Question 4

vertebral level at which the spinal cord ends

Answer 4

L1/L2

Question 5

where are lumbar punctures done

Answer 5

L3/L4

Question 6

long bones are generally located in which part of the skeleton

Answer 6

appendicular

Question 7

where does the pelvic cavity lie

Answer 7

in-between pelvic inlet and outlet

Question 8

can cartilage help with joint mobility

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

is increased mobility of a joint associated with increased stability

Answer 9

no loser

Question 10

3 facts about coronary sinus

Answer 10

RA - thesbian valves - folds

remnant of embryological sinoatrial valve

Question 11

classical feature of ulna

Answer 11

olecranon - look a bit like a pacman

Question 12

tibia

Answer 12

fat shin bone

sounds like ‘tubby’

Question 13

where does fertilisation normally occur in vivo

Answer 13

ampulla of uterine tube

Question 14

what structure receives oocyte at ovulation

Answer 14

infundibulum

Question 15

isthmus is skinny and where the uterine tube enters the uterus

Answer 15

lol

Question 16

which WBC is more red histologically speaking

Answer 16

eosinophil

Question 17

a tissue is normal and is composed of very elongated cells with each cell having multiple nuclei, what cell is this

Answer 17

skeletal muscle cell

striated , multinucleated

neurons are also very long but not multinucleated

Question 18

what type of tissue is packed with extracellular bundles of collagen fibres

Answer 18

dense - connective tissue

regular (tendon) or irregular (periosteum_

Question 19

when are germ layers formed

Answer 19

gastrulation - migration of cells through primitive streak

Question 20

what is cleavage

Answer 20

earliest cell division of embryo

Question 21

morphogenesis ?

Answer 21

formation of body plan

Question 22

organogenesis ?

Answer 22

development of primordia of all organs of the body

Question 23

where are ribosomes produced

Answer 23

nucleolus

Question 24

site of lipid synthesis

Answer 24

SER

Question 25

site of protein synthesis

Answer 25

RER

Question 26

what syndrome is seen with coarctation of the aorta

Answer 26

Turners can cause radial-femoral pulse delay via distal left subclavian artery

Question 27

corkscrew appearance on ECG

Answer 27

torsade de pointes

Question 28

ECG appearance of hypothermia

Answer 28

J waves / Osborne waves

Question 29

nocturnal cough + pink frothy sputum

Answer 29

pul. congestion > LHF > CHF

Question 30

what do catabolic pathways oxidise

Answer 30

macromolecules , thereby producing ATP

Question 31

hexokinase is enzyme that catalyses an irreversible reaction during glycolysis - true or false

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what is our primary energy source

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

how is lactic acid produced

Answer 33

through anaerobic oxidation of glucose/pyruvate

Question 34

when is a cell considered fully charged

Answer 34

if it contains ATP

Question 35

which order are the amino acids of the peptide given by convention

Answer 35

from N terminal to C terminal where the carboxyl group of one amino acid binds with the amino end of another amino acid

Question 36

what enzyme transcribes genetic material

Answer 36

RNA polymerase

Question 37

what do tRNA molecules carry

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

what is a transcription factor

Answer 38

proteins that bind to DNA

Question 39

function of FiFo ATPase

Answer 39

a proton pore which utilises the energy yielded from the return of protons along their ECGradient in a condensation reaction with ADP and Pi to yield ATP

Question 40

what chemical is produced as a result of oxidation of glucose through aerobic glycolysis

Answer 40

pyruvate

Question 41

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 41

cytoplasm

Question 42

what does a 6 carbon molecule of glucose become in glycolysis

Answer 42

two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

Question 43

what is pyruvate decarboxylated by and to make what

Answer 43

pyruvate dehydrogenase to make acetyl-coA

Question 44

the rate of reaction is matched by NADH regeneration by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase true or false in reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Answer 44

true

Question 45

describe quaternary structure

Answer 45

the relative orientation of one polypeptide to another polypeptide in a multisubunit protein

Question 46

what do post ganglionic fibres of parasympathetic release as a neurotransmitter

Answer 46

Ach

Question 47

do drug reactions increase lipid solubility or decrease

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

what phase in drug metabolism makes a drug more toxic / carcinogenic

Answer 48

Phase I - oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Question 49

what happens in phase 2

Answer 49

conjugation -metabolism ie conjugation with an endogenous compound ie glucuronidation

Question 50

define drug dependence

Answer 50

related to the body's ability to adapt to the presence of a drug

Question 51

what is an agonist

Answer 51

a drug that has the same effect on a receptor as the endogenous chemical messenger ie will make a certain reaction happen more

Question 52

what does IV infusion exhibit in terms of kinetics

Answer 52

first order kinetics

Question 53

what are first order elimination kinetics

Answer 53

concentration dependent based ie the more infusion the faster the clearance

Question 54

what are zero order kinetics

Answer 54

non-concentration based

Question 55

what will happen if IV infusion rate of administration was doubled - first order kinetics

Answer 55

doubling the rate of administration doubles the steady state plasma

Question 56

what has a direct effect upon the elimination half-life

Answer 56

clearance vol. of distribution

Question 57

which one of these chemical modifications of a drug that is characteristic of phase one metabolism : ``` acetylation glucuronidation methylation oxidation sulphation ```

Answer 57

oxidation

Question 58

what is the apparent volume of distribution for a given drug

Answer 58

an extra-polated volume that can be calculated from the dose of the drug divided by the plasma concentration of the drug

Question 59

which receptors mediate the increase in rate and force due to stimulation of sympathetic division in ANS

Answer 59

beta-1 receptors these are found in the heart kidney and fat cells

Question 60

sympathetic nervous system adrenergic receptors

Answer 60

a1 a2 b1 b2

Question 61

what is BP

Answer 61

outward hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls

Question 62

what is MABP

Answer 62

the average arterial BP during a single cardiac cycle

Question 63

is a pure phospholipid bilayer membrane extremely impermeable to water - soluble substances ?

Answer 63

yes

Question 64

can small polar uncharged molecules cross the membrane freely

Answer 64

yes ie O2 CO2 NH3 H2O

Question 65

describe transport across cell membrane

Answer 65

facilitated diffusion uses a carrier to transfer a substance across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient

Question 66

describe active transport of drugs across the plasma membrane

Answer 66

water soluble drugs enter the cell through specialised carrier proteins that require energy