II Flashcards by Yasmin Wheeler

site of sperm production

seminiferous tubules

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drains semen into the urethra

ejaculatory duct

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drains venous blood directly into systemic venous system (gi)

anal canal

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fracture of this bone could injure the kidney

rib 11

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appendicular skeleton use for bone marrow aspirates

ilium

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bone that doesnt articulate with other bones

hyoid

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a fingertip inserted through the gastro-mental foramen will be within this space

lesser sac

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peritoneal structure attached to stomach

greater momentum

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pelvic splanchnic nerves found here

mesentery of sigmoid colon

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circular muscle forming a sphincter under somatic control

anus

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contains circular and longitudinal muscle stimulated to contract by pelvic splanchnic nerves

sigmoid colon

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retroperitoneal structure under control of postganglionic fibres from celiac plexus

3rd part of duodenum

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abnormal function of vagus nerve is responsible for this motor deficit

muscle of phonation

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abnormal function of the oculomotor nerve responsible for this motor deficit

muscle that constricts pupil

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abnormal function of trigeminal nerve responsible for this motor deficit

upper lip connection to cheek bone

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an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel, patient would only suffer a stroke

second branch of arch of aorta

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an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel, patient would have sharp stabbing pain well-localised to poster-lateral intercostal space

branch of descending thoracic aorta

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infected embolus from this valve occluded this vessel, loss of function in one upper limb

third branch of arch of aorta

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during the absorptive state

glucose is the main energy source

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how many ADP molecules per glucose are phosphorylated to ATP during glycolysis

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which complex does not pump protons as electrons pass through respiratory chain

complex II

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how many NAD+ molecules are reduced in the degradation of palmitoyl-CoA to form 8 molecules of acetyl Co A

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where is G6 phosphatase enzyme found

in cells able to store glycogen

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carrier molecule for transporting fatty acids through inner mitochondria membrane

carnitine

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ATP synthesis mechanism in glycolytic pathway

substrate phosphorylation

characteristics of a malignant cell

abnormal karyotype increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio diploidy abnormal mitotic figures

classical oncogenes

stimulate proliferation act in a dominant manner activated by point mutation first identified as genes encoding proteins responsible for carcinogenic properties of DNA tumour viruses

G protein signalling

signalling is terminated by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by GTPase activity of the g protein alpha subunit

aspirin - total percentage of molecules ionised

99.00

first order elimination kinetics

doubling dose of drug given as IV infusion doubles plasma conc

normal range for MABP

70-105mmHg

reduction of pyruvate to kinase

allows for NAD+ recycling

what reaction is glycogen phosphorylase involved in

glycogen breakdown

how to calculate MABP

diastolic x 2 add systolic to this divide all by 3

horizontal fissure right lung what is the anterior anatomical landmark

rib 4

AC joint - inferior aspect

coracoid process

lung apex lies superior to ?

sternal medial end of clavicle

what receptors are involved in airway relaxation

what receptors are involved in increased mucus secretion and airway contraction

what cytokine does Th2 produce to activate B cells

interleukin 4

inspiratory capacity

the sum of inspiratory residual volume and tidal volume

IR volume

'the max vol. that can be inhaled from end respiratory level'

TLCO

max vol. of air present in lungs

vital capacity

volume of air breathed out after deep inhalation

complications of lung tumours

SPHERE ``` S- SVC obstruction P- pan coast tumour H- horner's E- endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes R- recurrent laryngeal damage E- effusions ```

what is a manifestation of LHF

pulsus alternans - strong and then weak pulse S3 gallop

HF-pEF

diastolic HF - impaired ventricular filling causes : HOCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

HF-rEF

systolic HF - impaired myocardial contraction causes : ischeamia, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, infiltrate

what is released in response to myocardial stretch

BNP - congestive heart failure need to refer to trans-thoracic echocardiogram

heart failure chest x-ray mnemonic

``` A - alveolar oedema (batwing) B - kerley B lines C - cardiomegaly D - upper lobe blood diversion E - pleural effusion F - fluid in horizontal fissure ```

pharmacological management of HF

``` 1. ACEi and Bb switch to ARB if intolerant to ACEi if intolerant to ARB and ACEi then try hydralazine and nitrates Loop diuretics - furosemide or bumetanide ``` ``` 2. if NYHA >2 spironolactone / eplerenone ivabradine digoxin hydralazine and nitrate for afro-carribean ```

antibiotic induced colitis

produces mucosal pseudomembranous exudate -'profuse watery diarrhoea after some sort of antibiotic treatment'

effect of oral morphine on GI tract

increase fluid absorption

can increased haemolysis increase bilirubin

yes

oral manifestation of coeliac

recurrent apthous ulceration

milk sugar broken down into

glucose and galactose

role of bile in digestion

fat, duodenum

what percentage of fluid entering the small intestine is reabsorbed before leaving the anus ?

95% such a weird question

what disease is associated with UC

PSC

primary factor responsible for moving chyme forward in the small intestine

a gradient in the frequency of segmentation along the length of the small intestine

pre ganglionic parasympathetic fibres and sympathetic fibres all release Ach and what is their receptor post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres also release Ach

nicotinic Ach receptor

post ganglionic sympathetic fibres use what kind of neurotransmitter , and what is the receptor

noradrenaline (alpha1 alpha2 beta receptors)

56 yr old man has progressive dysphagia, can only manage fluids, lost 4kg in wt, diagnosed with Barret's 3 years ago - likely diagnosis ?

malignant oesophageal stricture

sudden outbreak of vomitting and diarrhoea affecting staff and patients in a single ward - most likely causative organism

norovirus

25 yr old man with a 5 day history of severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea, had a bbq last week with lots of beef burgers - organism ?

e. coli 0157

upper limit BMI for underweight people

<18.5

BMI range for overweight people

25-30 (>30 = obese)

bacteria that lives in nose and throat of 40% healthy individual but can easily be transferred into food via hand ?

staph. aureus

what favours the formation of ketone bodies ?

when there is not enough oxaloacetate to react with acetyl-CoA

how is specificity defined ?

proportion of people who test negative and are actually negative (of the disease/don't have it)

33 yr old F has 6 week history of increased bowel frequency and occasional incontinence, stools are loose and mixed with blood, no antibiotic use or close contacts with same symptoms - diagnosis ?

check response of anti-viral ?

DNA viral load

piecemeal liver necrosis

drug induced liver damage