II Flashcards
site of sperm production
seminiferous tubules
drains semen into the urethra
ejaculatory duct
drains venous blood directly into systemic venous system (gi)
anal canal
fracture of this bone could injure the kidney
rib 11
appendicular skeleton use for bone marrow aspirates
ilium
bone that doesnt articulate with other bones
hyoid
a fingertip inserted through the gastro-mental foramen will be within this space
lesser sac
peritoneal structure attached to stomach
greater momentum
pelvic splanchnic nerves found here
mesentery of sigmoid colon
circular muscle forming a sphincter under somatic control
anus
contains circular and longitudinal muscle stimulated to contract by pelvic splanchnic nerves
sigmoid colon
retroperitoneal structure under control of postganglionic fibres from celiac plexus
3rd part of duodenum
abnormal function of vagus nerve is responsible for this motor deficit
muscle of phonation
abnormal function of the oculomotor nerve responsible for this motor deficit
muscle that constricts pupil
abnormal function of trigeminal nerve responsible for this motor deficit
upper lip connection to cheek bone
an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel, patient would only suffer a stroke
second branch of arch of aorta
an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel, patient would have sharp stabbing pain well-localised to poster-lateral intercostal space
branch of descending thoracic aorta
infected embolus from this valve occluded this vessel, loss of function in one upper limb
third branch of arch of aorta
during the absorptive state
glucose is the main energy source
how many ADP molecules per glucose are phosphorylated to ATP during glycolysis
2
which complex does not pump protons as electrons pass through respiratory chain
complex II
how many NAD+ molecules are reduced in the degradation of palmitoyl-CoA to form 8 molecules of acetyl Co A
7
where is G6 phosphatase enzyme found
in cells able to store glycogen
carrier molecule for transporting fatty acids through inner mitochondria membrane
carnitine
ATP synthesis mechanism in glycolytic pathway
substrate phosphorylation
characteristics of a malignant cell
abnormal karyotype
increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
diploidy
abnormal mitotic figures
classical oncogenes
stimulate proliferation
act in a dominant manner
activated by point mutation
first identified as genes encoding proteins responsible for carcinogenic properties of DNA tumour viruses
G protein signalling
signalling is terminated by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by GTPase activity of the g protein alpha subunit
aspirin - total percentage of molecules ionised
99.00
first order elimination kinetics
doubling dose of drug given as IV infusion doubles plasma conc
normal range for MABP
70-105mmHg
reduction of pyruvate to kinase
allows for NAD+ recycling
what reaction is glycogen phosphorylase involved in
glycogen breakdown
how to calculate MABP
diastolic x 2
add systolic to this
divide all by 3
horizontal fissure right lung what is the anterior anatomical landmark
rib 4
AC joint - inferior aspect
coracoid process
lung apex lies superior to ?
sternal medial end of clavicle
what receptors are involved in airway relaxation
B2
what receptors are involved in increased mucus secretion and airway contraction
M3
what cytokine does Th2 produce to activate B cells
interleukin 4
inspiratory capacity
the sum of inspiratory residual volume and tidal volume
IR volume
‘the max vol. that can be inhaled from end respiratory level’
TLCO
max vol. of air present in lungs
vital capacity
volume of air breathed out after deep inhalation
complications of lung tumours
SPHERE
S- SVC obstruction P- pan coast tumour H- horner's E- endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes R- recurrent laryngeal damage E- effusions
what is a manifestation of LHF
pulsus alternans - strong and then weak pulse
S3 gallop
HF-pEF
diastolic HF - impaired ventricular filling
causes : HOCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade
HF-rEF
systolic HF - impaired myocardial contraction
causes : ischeamia, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, infiltrate
what is released in response to myocardial stretch
BNP - congestive heart failure
need to refer to trans-thoracic echocardiogram
heart failure chest x-ray mnemonic
A - alveolar oedema (batwing) B - kerley B lines C - cardiomegaly D - upper lobe blood diversion E - pleural effusion F - fluid in horizontal fissure
pharmacological management of HF
1. ACEi and Bb switch to ARB if intolerant to ACEi if intolerant to ARB and ACEi then try hydralazine and nitrates Loop diuretics - furosemide or bumetanide
2. if NYHA >2 spironolactone / eplerenone ivabradine digoxin hydralazine and nitrate for afro-carribean
antibiotic induced colitis
produces mucosal pseudomembranous exudate
-‘profuse watery diarrhoea after some sort of antibiotic treatment’
effect of oral morphine on GI tract
increase fluid absorption
can increased haemolysis increase bilirubin
yes
oral manifestation of coeliac
recurrent apthous ulceration
milk sugar broken down into
glucose and galactose
role of bile in digestion
fat, duodenum
what percentage of fluid entering the small intestine is reabsorbed before leaving the anus ?
95%
such a weird question
what disease is associated with UC
PSC
primary factor responsible for moving chyme forward in the small intestine
a gradient in the frequency of segmentation along the length of the small intestine
pre ganglionic parasympathetic fibres and sympathetic fibres all release Ach and what is their receptor
post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres also release Ach
nicotinic Ach receptor
post ganglionic sympathetic fibres use what kind of neurotransmitter , and what is the receptor
noradrenaline (alpha1 alpha2 beta receptors)
56 yr old man has progressive dysphagia, can only manage fluids, lost 4kg in wt, diagnosed with Barret’s 3 years ago - likely diagnosis ?
malignant oesophageal stricture
sudden outbreak of vomitting and diarrhoea affecting staff and patients in a single ward - most likely causative organism
norovirus
25 yr old man with a 5 day history of severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea, had a bbq last week with lots of beef burgers - organism ?
e. coli 0157
upper limit BMI for underweight people
<18.5
BMI range for overweight people
25-30 (>30 = obese)
bacteria that lives in nose and throat of 40% healthy individual but can easily be transferred into food via hand ?
staph. aureus
what favours the formation of ketone bodies ?
when there is not enough oxaloacetate to react with acetyl-CoA
how is specificity defined ?
proportion of people who test negative and are actually negative (of the disease/don’t have it)
33 yr old F has 6 week history of increased bowel frequency and occasional incontinence, stools are loose and mixed with blood, no antibiotic use or close contacts with same symptoms - diagnosis ?
UC
check response of anti-viral ?
DNA viral load
piecemeal liver necrosis
drug induced liver damage
