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random shit i be finding hard > last day > Flashcards

last day Flashcards

1
Q

treatment for influenza a and b

A

oseltamivir

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2
Q

does cancer cause fine end inspiratory crackles

A

no - dull percussion

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3
Q

what solute does water absorption depends on in the intestines

A

sodium

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4
Q

what is gastrin

A

a peptide hormone

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5
Q

what cells make intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

ie pernicious anaemia associated with parietal cell destruction

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6
Q

what other enzyme is needed for optimal action of protein lipase

A

colipase

inhibit bile salt action

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7
Q

what is the hepatic vein formed of

A

splenic veins and SMV

main supplier to the liver

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8
Q

where are brunner’s glands found

A

only in the submucosa of the duodenum

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9
Q

what are some of the facts about GLP-1 and GLP-2

A

GLP-1 is expressed in more organs

GLP-1 has a half life of 2 mins while GLP-2 has a half-life of about 5-7 mins

both are secreted by L cells and target GPCRs

they are typically responsible for lowering glucose levels

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10
Q

resistance to laminal blood flow is dependent on what

A

vessel diameter and viscosity of blood

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11
Q

what can cause an increase in venous pressure

A

inspiration - due to decreased RA pressure

any type of squeezing of venous vessels

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12
Q

how to calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x hr

in litres

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13
Q

frank starling law

A

an increase in end diastolic volume leads to a subsequent increase in stroke volume

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14
Q

why is there a delay in conduction at the AVn

A

allows atria to fully empty before ventricular contraction

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15
Q

what happens after a sudden decrease in perfusion pressure

A

vasodilation to increases diameter to increase blood flow

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16
Q

how to calculate ejection fraction

A

find out the stroke volume and divide by end diastolic

stroke volume = end diastolic - end systolic

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17
Q

how to calculate blood flow

A

change in pressure divided by resistance

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18
Q

PR interval

A

AVn conduction

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19
Q

P wave

A

atrial contraction

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20
Q

funny current ions

A

sodium and potassium

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21
Q

what feature of the cardiac septum allows foetal blood to bypass pulmonary circulation

A

blood flow via the septal wall formed by septum primum and septum secundum

foramen ovale

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22
Q

what do the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

A

oxygen , carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

found in the aortic arch / carotids

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23
Q

common cause of high v/q ration

A

PE

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24
Q

what is a normal TLC

A

6000ml / 6L

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25
what is a normal tidal volume
5ooml
26
inspiratory reserve volume
air that can be maximally inhaled after TV about 3L
27
expiratory reserve volume
air that can be maximally exhaled after TV 1.2L
28
residual volume
air remaining after ERV also about 1.2L
29
inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV
30
functional residual capacity
air remaining after a quiet tidal volume expiration ie ERV + RV = FRC about 2.4L
31
are the terminal bronchioles ciliated
yes - last structures to be ciliated
32
is the right bronchus more vertical and has more branches than the left
yes - most aspirates end up in the right lower lobe
33
what makes up the conducting zone
trachea, bronchi and terminal bronchioles
34
what makes up the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and such
35
what part of the resp tree contains cartilage
trachea and bronchi
36
vital capacity
IRV + TV + ERV about 5L
37
central chemoreceptors
respond to H+ ions only in the CSF ie pH ie if arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases > pH more H+ > hyperventilation
38
describe lung compliance in a tension pneumothorax
compliance decreases as intrapleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure
39
what do C cells secrete in thyroid gland
calcitonin - in response to increase calcium
40
is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) increased or decreased in heart failure
increased ie above 15
41
what controls the excretion of calcium and phosphate ions
kidneys
42
when should you retest for H-pylori / check for eradication
4 weeks after antibiotic use 2 weeks after PPI use
43
is PBC associated with iBDs
NO - PSC only
44
what is a complication of coeliacs disease
t - cell lymphoma | a t -cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease
45
vit C deficiency symptoms
pale conjunctiva soft swollen haemorrhage gums low platelets bulging eyes -scurvy
46
first line for crohns flair up
glucocorticoids - prednisolone - infliximab is for when crohns isn't responding
47
what can be used as an add on for crohns remission treatment to prednisolone
1st = azathioprine 2nd = methotrexate
48
is gilberts unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin
unconjugated
49
management of acute UC
iv corticosteroids then if not working after 72 hours then iv ciclosporin
50
when is surgery considered for UC
toxic megacolon that doesnt settle with 24-72 hours of iv steroids
51
investigation for haemochromatosis
transferrin levels
52
what investigation do you use if you're unsure about what type of IBD / coeliacs / malignancy
ileocolonoscopy with biopsies
53
management for mobitz type II
permanent pacemaker
54
regular tachycardia with narrowed QRS
SVT
55
what territories are v1-4
anterior ie LAD
56
what territories are I, avL, v5-v6
lateral
57
what is rheumatic fever due to - bacteria wise
strept A
58
how to treat rheumatic fever
iv benzylpenicillin and penV
59
first line for aortic dissection
IV Bbs
60
common secondary cause of hypertension
renal disease
61
complication of AF
stroke - patient needs to be anticoagulated with DOACS
62
features of left sided heart failure
pink frothy sputum pul oedema paroxysmal dyspnea cardiac wheeze
63
permanent pacemaker, asymptomatic bradycardia, brief sinus pause ?
sick sinus syndrome
64
meigs syndrome
ovarian cancer pleural effusion ascites
65
caplans
intrapulmonary nodules rheumatoid arthritis history of dust exposure
66
first line investigation for hospital admission of pneumonia
abgs
67
high suspicion of PE ivx
CTPA
68
low suspicion of PE ivx
D-dimer (wells score of less than 4)
69
what would small cell lung cancer show on CXR
perihilar / central lesion with mediastinal widening squamous is more peripheral

random shit i be finding hard (8 decks)

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