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random shit i be finding hard > last day > Flashcards

last day Flashcards

1
Q

treatment for influenza a and b

A

oseltamivir

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2
Q

does cancer cause fine end inspiratory crackles

A

no - dull percussion

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3
Q

what solute does water absorption depends on in the intestines

A

sodium

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4
Q

what is gastrin

A

a peptide hormone

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5
Q

what cells make intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

ie pernicious anaemia associated with parietal cell destruction

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6
Q

what other enzyme is needed for optimal action of protein lipase

A

colipase

inhibit bile salt action

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7
Q

what is the hepatic vein formed of

A

splenic veins and SMV

main supplier to the liver

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8
Q

where are brunner’s glands found

A

only in the submucosa of the duodenum

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9
Q

what are some of the facts about GLP-1 and GLP-2

A

GLP-1 is expressed in more organs

GLP-1 has a half life of 2 mins while GLP-2 has a half-life of about 5-7 mins

both are secreted by L cells and target GPCRs

they are typically responsible for lowering glucose levels

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10
Q

resistance to laminal blood flow is dependent on what

A

vessel diameter and viscosity of blood

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11
Q

what can cause an increase in venous pressure

A

inspiration - due to decreased RA pressure

any type of squeezing of venous vessels

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12
Q

how to calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x hr

in litres

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13
Q

frank starling law

A

an increase in end diastolic volume leads to a subsequent increase in stroke volume

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14
Q

why is there a delay in conduction at the AVn

A

allows atria to fully empty before ventricular contraction

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15
Q

what happens after a sudden decrease in perfusion pressure

A

vasodilation to increases diameter to increase blood flow

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16
Q

how to calculate ejection fraction

A

find out the stroke volume and divide by end diastolic

stroke volume = end diastolic - end systolic

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17
Q

how to calculate blood flow

A

change in pressure divided by resistance

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18
Q

PR interval

A

AVn conduction

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19
Q

P wave

A

atrial contraction

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20
Q

funny current ions

A

sodium and potassium

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21
Q

what feature of the cardiac septum allows foetal blood to bypass pulmonary circulation

A

blood flow via the septal wall formed by septum primum and septum secundum

foramen ovale

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22
Q

what do the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

A

oxygen , carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

found in the aortic arch / carotids

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23
Q

common cause of high v/q ration

A

PE

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24
Q

what is a normal TLC

A

6000ml / 6L

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25
Q

what is a normal tidal volume

A

5ooml

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26
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

air that can be maximally inhaled after TV

about 3L

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27
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

air that can be maximally exhaled after TV

1.2L

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28
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining after ERV also about 1.2L

29
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV

30
Q

functional residual capacity

A

air remaining after a quiet tidal volume expiration

ie ERV + RV = FRC about 2.4L

31
Q

are the terminal bronchioles ciliated

A

yes - last structures to be ciliated

32
Q

is the right bronchus more vertical and has more branches than the left

A

yes - most aspirates end up in the right lower lobe

33
Q

what makes up the conducting zone

A

trachea, bronchi and terminal bronchioles

34
Q

what makes up the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and such

35
Q

what part of the resp tree contains cartilage

A

trachea and bronchi

36
Q

vital capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV about 5L

37
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

respond to H+ ions only in the CSF ie pH

ie if arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases > pH more H+ > hyperventilation

38
Q

describe lung compliance in a tension pneumothorax

A

compliance decreases as intrapleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure

39
Q

what do C cells secrete in thyroid gland

A

calcitonin - in response to increase calcium

40
Q

is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) increased or decreased in heart failure

A

increased ie above 15

41
Q

what controls the excretion of calcium and phosphate ions

A

kidneys

42
Q

when should you retest for H-pylori / check for eradication

A

4 weeks after antibiotic use

2 weeks after PPI use

43
Q

is PBC associated with iBDs

A

NO - PSC only

44
Q

what is a complication of coeliacs disease

A

t - cell lymphoma

a t -cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease

45
Q

vit C deficiency symptoms

A

pale conjunctiva
soft swollen haemorrhage gums
low platelets
bulging eyes

-scurvy

46
Q

first line for crohns flair up

A

glucocorticoids - prednisolone

  • infliximab is for when crohns isn’t responding
47
Q

what can be used as an add on for crohns remission treatment to prednisolone

A

1st = azathioprine

2nd = methotrexate

48
Q

is gilberts unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin

A

unconjugated

49
Q

management of acute UC

A

iv corticosteroids

then if not working after 72 hours then iv ciclosporin

50
Q

when is surgery considered for UC

A

toxic megacolon that doesnt settle with 24-72 hours of iv steroids

51
Q

investigation for haemochromatosis

A

transferrin levels

52
Q

what investigation do you use if you’re unsure about what type of IBD / coeliacs / malignancy

A

ileocolonoscopy with biopsies

53
Q

management for mobitz type II

A

permanent pacemaker

54
Q

regular tachycardia with narrowed QRS

A

SVT

55
Q

what territories are v1-4

A

anterior

ie LAD

56
Q

what territories are I, avL, v5-v6

A

lateral

57
Q

what is rheumatic fever due to - bacteria wise

A

strept A

58
Q

how to treat rheumatic fever

A

iv benzylpenicillin and penV

59
Q

first line for aortic dissection

A

IV Bbs

60
Q

common secondary cause of hypertension

A

renal disease

61
Q

complication of AF

A

stroke - patient needs to be anticoagulated with DOACS

62
Q

features of left sided heart failure

A

pink frothy sputum
pul oedema
paroxysmal dyspnea
cardiac wheeze

63
Q

permanent pacemaker, asymptomatic bradycardia, brief sinus pause ?

A

sick sinus syndrome

64
Q

meigs syndrome

A

ovarian cancer
pleural effusion
ascites

65
Q

caplans

A

intrapulmonary nodules
rheumatoid arthritis
history of dust exposure

66
Q

first line investigation for hospital admission of pneumonia

A

abgs

67
Q

high suspicion of PE ivx

A

CTPA

68
Q

low suspicion of PE ivx

A

D-dimer (wells score of less than 4)

69
Q

what would small cell lung cancer show on CXR

A

perihilar / central lesion with mediastinal widening

squamous is more peripheral

random shit i be finding hard (8 decks)

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