more principles formative Flashcards by Yasmin Wheeler

what controls vasomotor tone

sympathetic NS

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what is vascular smooth muscle predominantly supplied by

sympathetic

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in the heart what NS dominates under resting conditions

parasympathetic

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a man with x-linked becker muscular dystrophy has a son - what is the likelihood that his son is affected by the condition

x-linked dominant - ie daughters will get but not sons

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when is chromosomal microarray analysis useful

chromosomal imbalance - ie downs 47 XX +21

offers greater genetic resolution

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when is PCR useful

identifying specific point mutations ie when you know exactly where you’re looking

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when is NGS useful

sequencing of both child and parents to find de novo variants

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which genetic test is quick and cheap

chromosomal microarray analysis - NGS is better but more expensive

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mosaicism

post zygotic mutation

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Mendelian disorders

disease caused by a single gene change - very highly penetrant

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mitochondrial inheritance

only from the mother

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mRNA change

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amino acid change

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transcripts are being analysed - what is the material analysis being performed on

RNA ie RNA polymerase for transcription

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a woman is affected by an x-linked recessive disorder - why ?

skewed x inactivation

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which molecules are responsible for regulating thermostat in fever

prostaglandins - hypothalamus

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what type of antibodies can activate mast cells

IgE

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which acute phase protein can assist in diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory disease

CRP

has a short-lived nature
is radially produced

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which lab technique is best suited to monitor viral load in patients blood (RNA)

PCR ie for HIV

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which lab technique best suited to the analysis of lymphocyte subsets ?

immunophenotyping - investigates the pattern of antigen expression on or in cells through a panel of antibodies

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which antimicrobial protein is secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

defensin - cysteine rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes

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how does the MAC work

can directly lyse pathogen via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis

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pinocytosis vs phagocytosis

pino = internalisation of fluids 
phago = solid particels >0.5um through pseudopodia

what do cytotoxic T cells express

CD8+

what does CD4 do?

identifies T helper cells

what is a virus - generally speaking

a virus is constructed from a protein shell or capsid that encloses an RNA or DNA genome and in some particular cases an additional envelope acquired from host cell membrane

exotoxin

gram +

endotoxin

gram -

facultative anaerobe

can grow in presence and absence of oxygen

capnophilic microbe

grows best in co2 enriched environment

anaerobic

will not grow if oxygen present

malignant lesion in the colon

adenocarcinoma

what is a microbiome

genetic material associated with all the microorganisms colonising the body

a gram positive prokaryote

clostridia

which prokaryote produces spores

clostridia difficile

why is DNA technology good for identifying bacteria from 16s

allows identification of microbes that cannot be grown under normal lab conditions

abx that target protein synthesis

AMINOGLYCOSIDES gentamicin TETRACYCLINES doxycycline MACROLIDES erythromycin

abx that target cell wall

PENICILLIN amoxicillin GLYCOPEPTIDES vancomycin CEPHALOSPORINS ceftriaxone

abx that affect nucleic acid

metronidazole and ciprofloxacin

when would a transmission based approach be better than a standard infection control approach ?

when attending a ward with c.diff / norovirus

what does blood agar do

classify streptococcus species

a patient diagnosed late with a bowel tumour complain of passing stools through the vagina - what causes this symptom ?

infiltration -

what is a fistula

something that connects to organs that shouldn't be connected ie 'infiltration' (abnormal ie neoplastic)

what does a tumour suppressor genes do

stabilise the genome

what is the sequence of healing

haemostasis, inflammation, repair, remodelling

features of a benign lesion

normal mitotic figure diploid DNA content low N : Cytoplasmic ratio no necrosis

features of malignant lesion

abnormal mitotic figure high N : Cytoplasmic ration enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei evidence of necrosis

predominant cell type of granuloma

lymphocyte

predominant cell types in granulation tissue

endothelial cells and myofibroblasts

what is the consequence of significant cell death in the CNS

liquefactive necrosis

what is the consequence of signifiant cell death in cardiac muscle

coagulative

caseous necrosis

a GP gives VBA to a smoker at an appointment - what type of prevention is this

primary

the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

public health

strong possibility of cancer - what do you do ?

do not screen - screening is preventative send for urgent diagnostic test

equipment to be put on last and taken off first

gloves