Yr5 PACES Flashcards

1
Q

Key Points in Obs Hx

A

Screen: PV bleeding/discharge, pain, fetal movements, rhesus status, ROM, PET, urinary/bowel, FLAWS, PSHx

Current + Past

ICE + Social Hx

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2
Q

Key Points in Gynae Hx

A

Screen: PV bleeding/discharge, pain, any chance preg, urinary/bowel, FLAWS, PSHx

MOSS: menstrual, obstetric, sexual, smear

ICE + Social Hx

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3
Q

Key Points in Paeds Hx

A
PC
SVR
Birth
Feeding
Growth
Development
Allergies
Immunisations
School Life
Social Worker
Siblings
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4
Q

Key Points in Psych Hx

A
Affective
Psychotic
Organic
Flaws
Tremor
Risk
ICE
PMHx
PPHx
DHx
SHx
Forensic
Premorbid
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5
Q

What are classic ix you don’t want to miss for each speciality?

A

Hx: ICE/SHx/Collateral, Exam, Obvs, Bloods, Imaging

Obs: bimanual, speculum, CTG

Gynae: preg test, speculum, TVUS

Paeds: red book, pews score, urine dipstick, involve parents/school, safetynet/FU

Psych: questionnaires eg PHQ-9 and GAD-7, rule out organics eg urine tox screen, ECG

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6
Q

Where can you signpost the pt if they’re having difficulty w employment/landlord?

A

Citizens Advice

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7
Q

What do you always forget to do whilst counselling?

A

Check to see their prior knowledge on the dx

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8
Q

How do you categorise any mx plan?

A
Conservative
Medical
Surgical
Educate
Senior/MDT
Safetynet/FU
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9
Q

O+G: What is the general structure to obs mx?

A

Preconception eg counselling, antenatal, delivery, postnatal eg F/U and any long term risks

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10
Q

O+G: How are the trimesters divided?

A

T1: 0-12

T2: 12-26

T3: 26-37

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11
Q

O+G: What is included in the booking bloods?

A
BP
GDM
FBC
ABO
RhD
IDA
HIV
Hep B
Syphilis
Sickle Cell
Thalassemia
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12
Q

O+G: What is used to date the preg during scans in 1st/2nd trimester?

A

CRL 10-14wks + HC 14-20wks

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13
Q

O+G: When is CVS and amniocentesis performed?

A

CVS 11-14wks

Amniocentesis 15-20wks

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14
Q

O+G: How do you interpret a CTG?

A

DR C BRAVADO

Define Risk
Contractions
Baseline Rate: 110-160 bpm
Variability: b/w 5-25 bpm
Accelerations: >15bpm >15s ✅
Decelerations: >15bpm >15s ❌
Overall Impression

Variable Dec - Cord Compression

Late Dec - Fetal Distress

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15
Q

O+G: How to examine the pregnant abdomen?

A

Inspect: general, hands, face, closer

Palpate: nine segments, uterus border, fetal lie, presentation, engagement, SFH

Complete: fetal heartbeat w Pinard/Doppler over ant shoulder, BP, urinalysis, speculum, TAUS

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16
Q

O+G: Which medications are teratogenic?

A
Triptans
Epileptics
Retinoid
ACEi/ARB
Third Element
OCP
Warfarin
Alcohol
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17
Q

O+G: What do you need to give mum if delivery is <34wks?

A

At least 24hrs before delivery steroids + MgSO4

Steroids: lung maturation - 12mg IM bethamethasone x2 w 12-24hrs apart

MgSO4: neuroprotection - 4g IV loading followed by 1g/hr IV maintenance and maternal obs/reflexes monitoring

Temp: optimise metabolic rate - ensure baby stays warm

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18
Q

O+G: What is the mechanism of labour?

A
Engagement OT
Descent + Flexion
Internal Rotation OA
Delivery of Head
Restitution of Shoulders
External Rotation OT
Expulsion
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19
Q

O+G: What is the order of manoeuvres for shoulder dystocia + breech px?

A

SD: senior help, McRobert’s and suprapubic pressure, consider episiotomy, Rubins/Woods, turn pt to all fours, consider symphysiotomy/cleidotomy

Breech: ECV, consider ELCS, if SVD hands off approach, Pinard, Lovesets, Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit, forceps

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20
Q

O+G: Shoulder Dystocia RFs

A

Big Mum, Big Baby, Prolonged Labour

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21
Q

O+G: Breech Px RFs

A

Maternal: grand multiparity, placental/uterine abnormalities, obstrc lower segement eg fibroids or pelvic abnormalities

Foetal: multiple pregnancy, oligo/polyhydramnios, prematurity

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22
Q

O+G: How would you explain ECV?

A

Bloods: FBC, U+Es, G+S, XM, clotting

Procedure: 1/2 are successful, before/after CTG, offer tocolysis, positioned slight head down, experienced clinician applies pressure

Benefits: avoid c/s and it’s comps

Risks: placental abruption, PROM, EMCS

CIs: c/s required, abnormal CTG, APH within 7d, ruptured membranes, multiple pregnancy, major uterine anomaly

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23
Q

O+G: How do you explain a colposcopy?

A

After an abnormal smear result colposcopy is performed to follow it up which usually takes 10-15mins

We use the speculum first to have a closer look at the neck of the womb which will involve you lying on your back with your legs up and a chaperone will be available if you wish

The most you will feel is a bit of cold with the solution and a small pinch with the biopsy

It can be done at any point in the menstrual cycle but you should reschedule if you have heavy bleeding on the day and we need to know if you could be pregnant

If solution was used you may have a couple days of brown discharge and following a biopsy do not use cream/tampons/have sex for 48hrs

If heavy bleeding, lasts >7d, foul smelling discharge, pelvic pain that does not improve w ibuprofen, temp >38° come back to us

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24
Q

O+G: SGA vs IUGR

A

We screen using SFH +/- 2cm and perform growth scans: skip to scan if multiple preg, polyhydramnios, fibroids, BMI >35

SGA: constitutionally small where AC <=10th centile for GA eg if have small parents

IUGR: subset which is abnormal where there is red growth rate

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25
O+G: RFs for IUGR
Qs: booking, fever, UPSI, PET screen, BP, diabetes, kidneys Symmetrical: multiple preg, intrauterine infections, chromosomal abnormalities Asymmetrical: maternal smoking, PET, HTN, diabetes, chronic disease + placental abruption ‘The placenta is becoming tired and not being able to feed the baby as well as it did before’
26
O+G: Workup for SGA
5% of Pregnancies SFH + AC/EFW Ix: serial USS and umbilical artery doppler every 2wks from 26-28wks + screen for TORCH and urine tox Mx: smoking cessation, control maternal disease, inc monitoring to USS wkly and doppler biwkly if PI or RI >2SDs on doppler, seniors consider immediate delivery if AREDV or abnormal CTG, otherwise deliver by 37wks w steroids if <36wks
27
O+G: RFs for LGA
Mod: high BMI, prev DM, GDM NM: advanced maternal age, multiparity, molar pregnancy, eponymous syndromes eg Sotos
28
O+G: Workup for LGA
10% of Pregnancies SFH + AC/EFW Ix: OGTT, serum bHCG, genetic testing Mx: plan delivery and discuss risk of prolonged labour, shoulder dystocia, nerve injuries -> offer c/s
29
O+G: Def of PET
HTN px >20wks gestation w significant proteinuria ie >0.3g/24hr that can progress to seizures due to impaired trophoblastic invasion of spiral arteries and endothelial cell damage If px <20wks: chronic HTN If no proteinuria: gestational HTN
30
O+G: Mx of PET
If at high risk: prev HTN during preg, chronic HTN, CKD, DM, AI disease then 75mg OD aspirin from 12wks If dx confirmed: 1. Labetalol unless asthmatic 2. Nifedipine unless at term 3. Methyldopa + BP/dip/USS/doppler/CTG every 2wks Always admit >160/110, measure every 15-30mins until under then x4/day, if sev bloods x3/wk vs mod bloods x2/wk Intrapartum: continuous CTG, continue antihypertensives and monitor BP, consider epidural and MgSO4, avoid ergometrine Postpartum: discharge when asx, BP <150/100, stable bloods + F/U until <130/80
31
O+G: Def of GDM
New onset >24wks w comps similar to DM in pregnancy but to a lesser degree Dx if ‘5678’ fasting plasma glucose >5.6mmol/L or 2hr OGTT >7.8mmol/L Review at joint diabetes and antenatal clinic within 1wk
32
O+G: Mx of GDM
1. If fasting <7 then 2wk trial of change in diet and exercise 2. If unsuccessful + <7 add metformin 3. If unsuccessful OR >7 add insulin 4. If can’t tolerate metformin or dec insulin consider glibenclamide 5. Offer IOL/ELCS b/w 37-39wks w capillary glucose checked every hr to maintain 4-7mmol/L 6. Check fasting again at 6w postnatal check to assess risk of developing T2DM
33
O+G: What are the main two CIs for a bimanual examination?
Placental Praevia + PROM
34
O+G: Ddx for Bleeding in Late Pregnancy
``` Placental Praevia Vasa Praevia Placental Abruption Uterine Abruption Vaginal/Cervical Haematuria/Rectal ```
35
O+G: How would you F/U a low lying placenta at 20wks?
Rescan @ 32wks as only 1/10 will still be low lying at bitth
36
O+G: Mx of Placenta Praevia
Confirm dx >32wks then repeat USS at 36wks Minor Degree: type 1 lateral + type 2 marginal Major Degree: type 3 partial + type 4 complete If bleed/pain/contractions attend, if major w prev bleed admit from 34wks, consider booking in an ELCS
37
O+G: Mx of PROM
Ix: speculum for pooling/os, if no pooling IGFBP-1/PAMG-1, if os closed and >30w TVUS cervical length <15mm likely to be PTL, CTG Mx: PPROM admission and expectant mx until 37wk if no comps and appropriate safety netting w QDS erythromycin 10d/until established labour vs PROM induce if meconium or >24hrs, do NOT use tocolytics Prevention: vaginal progesterone, cervical cerclage, future preg under obstetrician
38
O+G: Mx of PPH
Classify: SVD minor 0.5-1L and major or C/S >1L plus 1° <24hrs or 2° 24h-12w The 4T’s: tone, trauma, tissue, thrombin Mx: A-E, 2222, bimanual compression, IM/IV syntocinon, IM ergometrine, IM carboprost, ballon tamponade, B-lynch suture, hysterectomy, debrief, document, datix Comps: death, renal failure, VTE, DIC, Sheehan’s syndrome
39
O+G: Bishop’s Score
To assess likelihood of labour: cervical position, consistency, effacement, dilation + fetal station If <=5 unlikely to start w/o induction therefore use PV prostaglandin gel, 6-8 consider 1. membrane sweep 2. AROM w amnihook 3. oxytocin, >=9 likely to start spontaneously Indics: prolonged preg, FGR, PROM, GDM, PET Contras: major placental/vasa praevia, cord prolapse, prev uterine rupture, vertical c/s scar, transverse lie, active genital herpes Comps: failed IOL, hyperstimulation, fetal distress, uterine rupture, c/s
40
O+G: How do you counsel for a VBAC?
VBAC > ERCS III+IV > EMCA I+II Indics: singleton, cephalic, >37w, only one prev c/s, if more consultant decision Contras: major placental/vasa praevia, cord prolapse, prev uterine rupture, vertical c/s scar, transverse lie, active genital herpes Risks of VBAC: uterine rupture, instruments, EMCS Risks of ERCS: usual c/s risks eg infection bleed hysterectomy ureteric/bladder injury fetal lacerations + impact on future preg
41
O+G: What are the comps of PTB?
The Big 4: RDS, NEC, IVH, PVL
42
O+G: What are the maternal sepsis RFs?
Fever PROM PTB GBS
43
O+G: TOP
Hx: ask about partner and whether they’ve told anyone, ‘if you didn’t have this abortion how would it affect you’, explain the options Indics: The Abortion Act 1967 - risk of continuation greater, to prevent grave permanent injury, usually class C ie above and <24wks, existing children, child born would suffer abnormalities, to save life of preg woman Mx: confirm preg, STI screen, future contraception and compliance, requires two docs to sign, medical <9w home vs >9w in clinic mifepristone -[48h]-> misoprostol, surgical <14w ERPC vs >14w D+C, if >20w feticide, consider anti-D, preg test a mnth after Comps: infection, bleed, cervical trauma, uterine perforation, RPOC
44
O+G: MOA of Mifepristone and Misoprostol
Mifepristone: anti progesterone - fetus termination Misoprostol: synthetic prostaglandin - fetus expulsion
45
What are the normal obs for a child <1?
RR 30-40 HR 110-160 SBP 80-90
46
What are the normal obs for a child 1-2?
RR 25-35 HR 100-150 SBP 85-95
47
What are the normal obs for a child 2-5?
RR 25-30 HR 95-140 SBP 85-100
48
What are the normal obs for a child 5-12?
RR 20-25 HR 80-120 SBP 90-110
49
What are the normal obs for a child >12?
RR 15-20 HR 60-100 SBP 100-120
50
Paeds: What does the traffic light system look at?
``` Colour Activity Respiratory Circulation Other ```
51
Paeds: What are the domains of development?
Gross Motor Fine Motor + Vision Hearing + Language Social Behaviour
52
Paeds: What is the developmental screen for children <5yrs?
By 6wks: Smiling By 6ms: Turns to Sound By 9ms: Sitting By 18ms: Words + Walking By 3yrs: 3 Word Sentence
53
Paeds: What does the guthrie test at 7d screen for?
Congenital hypothyroid, SCD, CF plus six inherited metabolic disease
54
Paeds: What are the definitions of neonate, infant, toddler?
<1m, 1m-1y, 1-3yrs
55
Paeds: Immunisation Schedule
2/3/4m: 6in1 + rotavirus@2/3 + pneumococcal/MenB@2/4/1yr 1yr: Hib/MenC + MMR 3yrs: 4in1 + MMR 14yrs: 3in1 + MenACWY The 3in1 is diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis + inactivated polio in the 4in1 + Hib and Hep B in the 6in1
56
Paeds: Viva on MMR
It’s a liver attenuated vaccine like BCG and typhoid Therefore CI in pregnancy, immunocomp pts, another live vaccine <4w, Ig therapy <3m, neomycin allergy
57
Paeds: How do you counsel for worry surrounding the MMR vaccine?
The link w autism was disproven and Andrew Wakefield is no longer able to practice medicine They are all high risk viruses that usually px w temp, tiredness, loss of appetite, sore eyes, rash but may cause serious complications: measles (chest infection + progressive brain damage), mumps (deafness + infertility), rubella (easy bruising + bleeding) Explain herd immunity, recent outbreaks, provide leaflets
58
Paeds: Kawasaki’s Disease vs Scarlet Fever
KD: vasculitis, >5d fever w four of CRASH ie conjunctivitis rash adenopathy strawberry tongue swollen hands/feet, admit for IVIG and high dose aspirin SF: group A strep, fever rash adenopathy strawberry tongue, penicillin/erythromycin for 10d Therefore if febrile make sure you check for rash glands tongue
59
Paeds: What is the scoring system for croup?
Westley: chest wall retractions, stridor, cyanosis, consciousness, air entry If >3 admit and >8 give neb adrenaline
60
Paeds: Croup vs Bronchiolitis
Both px w coryzal sx first Auscultate: harsh stridor and barking cough in croup + fine bi-basal end insp crackles and high pitch exp wheeze in bronchiolitis Croup: upper airway, 6m-6y, autumn, parainfluenza, supportive, single dose dexamethasone Bronchiolitis: lower airway, <1yo, winter, RSV, supportive, palivizumab every m for 6m
61
Paeds: Croup vs Epiglottitis vs Bacterial Tracheitis
All <6yrs Croup: viral, harsh stridor and barking cough, normally clinically well, onset over days, dexamethasone +/- adrenaline Epiglottitis: Hib, soft stridor, toxic and drooling, onset over hrs, ceftriaxone + fluid resus as life threatening Tracheitis: staph/strep/Hib, barking cough, toxic not drooling, longer hx, ceftriaxone +/- intubation
62
Paeds: What should you NOT do in children w epiglottitis?
Lie them down or examine their throat
63
Paeds: Ddx of Wheeze
``` Bronchiolitis Viral Induced Asthma GORD CF FB ```
64
Paeds: Mx of Asthma
Hx of bronchiolitis <1yo + viral induced wheeze 1-5yo Ix: vital signs + PEFR if 50-75% mod, 33-50% sev (SpO2>92), <33% LT (SpO2<92) Acute Tx: mod salbutamol 4hrly, oral pred 3d, F/U in 48hrs VS sev/LT admit for (1) burst therapy 10x SABA via MDI and spacer OR 3x salbutamol neb 2x ipratropium neb, 1x oral pred (2) IV bolus MgSO4 (3) IV infusion salbutamol/aminophylline (4) PICU Chronic Tx: 1.SABA 2.Becotide 3.LTRA 4.Flixotide 5.Prednisolone + trigger avoidance, technique, personalised action plan, Asthma UK, itchywheezysneezy.com, safety net
65
Paeds: When can you discharge a pt following an acute asthma attack?
Stable on 4hrly tx, peak flow at 75%+, SpO2>94 Make sure you F/U within 48hrs and educate pt on what when how
66
Paeds: Which medications are CI in asthma?
``` B-B ACEi Adenosine Aspirin NSAIDs ```
67
Paeds: What should you ask in an asthma history?
Decipher level of control, triggers and current tx: cough, chest tightness, SOB, exercise, cold weather, nighttime, interfere w activities, prev admissions Screen for allergies: hx of eczema, hay fever, PESTO
68
Paeds: Viva on Cystic Fibrosis
Sx: recurring chest infections, difficulty putting on wt, diarrhoea/constipation Signs: clubbing, jaundice, easy bruising Ix: antenatal guthrie testing, sweat test >60mmol/L, CXR Mx: MDT w regular reviews and specific mx for 1. Resp 2. Infection 3. Nutrition 4. Psych Comps: diabetes, liver cirrhosis, sterility
69
Paeds: Mx of GORD
GOR: inappropriate relaxation of LOC where most resolve by 12m Same day referral: dysphagia, haematemesis, melaena If breast-fed: assessment, alginate therapy, 4wk PPI/H2 antagonist If formula-fed: review feeding hx, smaller more freq feeds, thicker formula, alginate therapy, 4wk PPI/H2 antagonist Still sleep on back there’s NO positional mx
70
Paeds: Ddx of Pyloric Stenosis
GOR, Gastroenteritis, UTI
71
Paeds: Ddx of Intussusception
Incarcerated Hernia, Gastroenteritis, UTI
72
Paeds: Pyloric Stenosis vs Intussusception
PS: hypertrophied pyloric muscle results in projectile vomit in 2-8wk w palpable olive mass in RUQ, visible peristalsis, hypoCl hypoK met alkalosis Mx of PS: test feed, target lesion on US, slow IV fluid resus and correct electrolytes, def lap Ramstedt pyloromyotomy IN: invagination of ileum->caecum results in bile stained vomit in 3m-2yo w sausage shaped mass in RUQ, emptiness in RLQ ie Dance sign, red currant jelly stool Mx of IN: target mass on US, analgesia, drip and suck, rectal air insufflation, if perforated surgical reduction, broad spec abx
73
Paeds: Ddx for Neonatal Jaundice
Always abnormal if <24hrs: infection, haemolysis, metabolic Can be normal if >24hrs: 1d-2w above, physiological, breastfeeding + >2wks uBR above, pyloric stenosis, congenital hypothyroidism vs cBR biliary atresia, ascending cholangitis, CF
74
Paeds: Mx of Jaundice
Ix: <24hrs serum BR, 1d-2w transcutaneous BR, >2w split BR + identify cause w MC+S, FBC, blood film, DAT, G6PD, ABO, TFTs, LFTs Mx: if uBR use tx threshold chart for phototherapy vs exchange transfusion + if cBR tx cause
75
Paeds: What inc the risk of developing kernicterus? (3)
Serum BR >340 in babies >37wks, rapidly rising BR >8.5/hr, clinical features eg poor feeding, extreme lethargy, hypotonia
76
Paeds: How do you counsel for neonatal jaundice tx?
We need to give X light therapy to prevent the chemical in their blood that is causing them to be yellow from getting too high and damaging the brain/hearing It’s like a tanning bed where we will ensure they are wearing eye protection and you will be able to be w them the whole time ideally breastfeeding them Afterwards they will need to stay a bit longer so we can ensure the chemical levels don’t rise again
77
Paeds: How do you score the GCS verbal component in children <5yo?
No response, moans, cries, less than usual ability, alert
78
Paeds: Ddx for a Fitting Child
Ddx: epilepsy, febrile convulsion, reflex anoxic seizure, breath holding attack, infantile spasm, hypoglycaemia, hyperNa You must rule out: meningitis/encephalitis, sepsis, head trauma
79
Paeds: Work up for a Fitting Child
Hx: duration, tongue biting, incontinence, post-ictal, recent illness, rash, head injury, video of event Bedside: obs, temp, urine dip, fingerprick glucose, ECG, LP Bloods: FBC, U+E, CRP Imaging: MRI +/- EEG
80
Paeds: How would you classify epilepsy?
Classify seizures: focal aware/impaired motor/non-motor vs generalised motor/absence/atonic vs unknown
81
Paeds: What is a Jacksonian March?
Focal clonic seizures initiated in the primary motor cortex spreads from distal limb towards ipsilateral face
82
Paeds: What is benign rolandic epilepsy?
Focal myoclonic seizures initiated around the central sulcus are the most common form in childhood and usually outgrown: hemifacial sensorimotor, speech arrest, hypersalivation
83
Paeds: What are potential underlying causes of epilepsy?
Sickle cell disease + genetic disorders eg Down’s syndrome and tuberous sclerosis
84
Paeds: Mx of Epilepsy
Take an MDT approach w paediatrician, specialist nurse, psychologist, school nurse, GP + refer to neuro first fit clinic if appropriate Consrv: how to recognise seizure and get help, video record, avoid dangerous activities Medical: generalised valproate->lamotrigine, myoclonic valproate->levetirecetam, absence ethosuximide->valproate, partial carbamezapine/lamotrigine->valproate Intractable: ketogenic diet, vagal nerve stimulation, surgery
85
Paeds: Mx of Status Epilepticus
A-E: high flow oxygen if required, IV access, blood glucose 5mins: if vasc access lorazepam OR buccal midazolam/PR diazepam 15mins: IV/IO lorazepam again AND call for senior help 25mins: IV/IO phenytoin over 20mins AND call for anaesthetist 45mins: rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia w thiopental
86
Paeds: What are the SEs of the common AEDs?
Valproate: wt gain, hair loss, liver failure Carbamazepine: N+V, ataxia, SIADH, neutropenia, drug interactions Lamotrigine: SJS
87
Paeds: Dx of DKA
Confirm: clinical hx, signs, urine dip/biochemistry (D: >11.1, K: >3, A: <7.3) Call senior + assess severity: mild <7.3 ie 5% fluid deficit, mod <7.2 ie 7% fluid deficit, sev <7.1 ie 10% fluid deficit
88
Paeds: Mx of DKA
A-E: Kussmaul breathing, shock and dehydration, GCS Fluids, Potassium, Insulin: if shocked 20ml/kg, if not 10ml/kg over 1hr, correct deficit over 48hrs using 0.9% NaCl w 20mmol KCl in every 500ml minus first 1hr plus maintenance, start 0.05-0.1U/kg/hr insulin infusion 1-2hrs after starting IV fluids Repeat obs: signs of comps (neuro+hyperK), fluid balance (no improvement consider resus and sepsis), glucose (<14 add 5-10% glucose), ketones, weight Resolution: clinically well, drinking and eating, blood ketones <1 or normal pH, urine ketones may still be +, start S/C insulin and stop IV @ 1hr, pt education, MDT, FU, OOH number
89
Paeds: What are the three main comps of DKA and it’s tx?
Cerebral oedema: assess hrly for headache, irritability, Cushing’s triad, raised ICP - exclude hypoglycaemia - tx w hypertonic saline or mannitol, restrict fluids, involve paediatric critical care specialist HypoK: if <3 temporarily stop insulin and use a continuous ECG Aspiration pneumonia: consrv mx +/- abx
90
Paeds: How do you counsel for DKA?
It’s the first manifestation of type 1 diabetes where the body is unable to make enough insulin to control the blood sugar levels At the moment they are so high they have caused the drowsiness, tummy pain and dehydration which is why we need to admit to give fluids and insulin It’s a very well known condition with established tx, we’re going to do everything we care to support you and care for your child, there’s good leaflets on diabetes.org and F/U
91
Paeds: Mx of T1DM
Take an MDT approach w paediatrician, specialist nurse, psychologist, school nurse, GP Consrv: balanced diet w CHO counting, regular exercise, monitor glucose/ketones/comps Medical: three types of insulin therapy
92
Paeds: How do you counsel for a febrile convulsion?
Reasonably common in toddlers, although quite dramatic short simple seizures have no long term consequence and do not recur past 5yrs, not the same as epilepsy They occur early on in a viral infection when their temp starts to rise so we’d like to arrange a hosp assessment by paediatrics and keep him here for observation as 1/3 will have another In the future maintaining adequate fluid intake helps and paracetamol improves sx but ultimately if you’re ever worried always come back to see us
93
Paeds: What is the most common cause of febrile convulsions?
HHV-6 Roseola Infantum
94
Paeds: How would you classify febrile convulsions?
Classify seizures: simple, complex, febrile status epilepticus >30mins Simple - <15mins, generalised, no recurrence within 24hrs, recovery <1hr Complex - 15-30mins, focal, may repeat within 24hrs, recovery >1hr
95
Paeds: Mx of Febrile Convulsion
Protect from injury and do not restrain during and if >5mins give buccal midazolam or PR diazepam Ambulance: first seizure, serious illness, breathing difficulties, no drugs available at 5mins, not responding to drugs at 10mins Admission: first or complex seizure, diagnostic uncertainty about cause or currently on abx, <18mnths
96
Paeds: What is the pathogenesis of SCD?
Autosomal recessive point mutation at codon 6 on Chr 11, glutamine -> valine, defective beta globin
97
Paeds: Mx of Infantile Spasm
Dx w hypsarrhythmia on EEG + tx w vigabatrin
98
Paeds: Mx of Sickle Cell Disease
Ix: family origins questionnaire, antenatal guthrie testing, FBC, blood film, electrophoresis Acute: A-E, admit, oxygen, fluids, analgesia, abx, exchange transfusion Chronic: educate, vaccination vs encapsulated, daily PO penicillin and folic acid, hydroxycarbamide if recurrent crises
99
Paeds: What is one of the earliest signs of sickle cell disease and it’s ddx?
Dactylitis Ddx: hand and foot syndrome, osteomyelitis, connective tissue disease
100
Paeds: What are the encapsulated bacteria?
NHS: neisseria, Hib, streptococcus
101
Paeds: How does hydroxycarbamide work?
Stimulates HbF production
102
Paeds: What are the acute and chronic comps of sickle cell disease?
Acute: chest syndrome, hoot and foot syndrome, splenic sequestration, painful crisis, priapism, infection Chronic: anaemia, pain, epilepsy, gallstones, CKD, impaired growth
103
Paeds: Ddx for Failure to Thrive
Constitutional delay: low BW + small parents Inadequate intake: malnutrition, impaired suck/swallow, eating disorders, neglect, psychosocial deprivation, malabsorption eg CF, coeliac, CMPA/lactose intolerance Inadequate retention: GORD + vomiting Increased requirements: recurrent infections, malignancy, hypothyroid
104
Paeds: Mx of FTT
Tx underlying cause, dehydration status, vit defs, developmental assessment, MDT inc SALT, F/U Mild: feeding or providing eating behaviour recommendations Mod: above plus refer to specialist Sev: above plus hospitalisation
105
Paeds: At what age do you start weaning?
6-12m
106
Paeds: At what age do you start adopting a normal adult bowel habit of 3/d-3/wk?
~4yo
107
Paeds: Hx of Abdo Pain
``` Socrates N+V Urine Stool Fever Rash Joints Fluids Diet Allergies Stress ```
108
Paeds: Ddx for Acute Abdo Pain
Gastroenteritis Appendicitis Mesenteric Adenitis Meckel’s Diverticulum Plus: ectopic pregnancy, GU, DKA, SCD
109
Paeds: Ddx for Recurrent Abdo Pain
Functional Constipation Coeliac Disease Lactose Intolerance Plus: Mittelschmerz + GU
110
Paeds: What is an abdominal migraine?
Poorly localised pain interfering w daily activities >1hr >=2/yr a/w N+V, pallor, anorexia, complete resolution b/w attacks, nil sx of other GI disease
111
Paeds: Viva on Functional Abdo Pain
Sx: at least x4/mnth for >=2mnths, ICE and social hx are key, ask about FHx of IBS and migraines Ix: FBC, ESR, urinalysis, stool microscopy, avoid unnecessary tests Mx: explain sx, ascertain causes of stress, encourage not to miss school, probiotics, FODMAPs, antispasmodic/antidiarrhoeal agents, safety net if fever/PR bleed
112
Paeds: Ddx for Constipation
Acute: fluid depletion, metabolic, bowel obstruction, neurological, sexual abuse Chronic: functional, IBD, coeliac disease, Hirschsprung’s disease, hypothyroidism Mx: pt education, involve dietician/psychologist, adequate fluid/fibre intake, encourage toileting after mealtimes, star charts, analgesia, movicol stool softener, senna stimulant laxative
113
Paeds: What are the red flag sx for a constipated child? (6)
1. Failure to pass meconium in first 24hrs: Hirschsprung’s + cystic fibrosis 2. FTT: coeliac + hypothyroid 3. Gross abdo distension: Hirschsprung’s + other GI dysmotility 4. Abnormal LL neuro: lumbosacral pathology 5. Sacral dimple above gluteal cleft: spina bifida occulta 6. Perianal fistulae, abscess, fissure: crohn’s
114
Paeds: Viva on Coeliac Disease
Sx: bloating, irritable, not dropping down growth centiles Signs: wasted buttocks, distended abdomen, dermatitis herpetiformis Ix: FBC, blood film, anti-tTG, HLA DQ2/8, if older biopsy for villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia Mx: MDT paediatrician, specialist nurse, psychologist, school nurse, GP + dietician annual review inc BMI and diet adherence Comps: FFT, IDA, vit B12/D deficiencies, oestoporosis, EATL
115
Paeds: When should you suspect NAI?
High index of suspicion for: non-contact area bruising, high energy fractures, drowsiness, neglect, delay in reporting, recurring, keep prying if inconsistent hx “When children have similar injuries sometimes they don’t happen by accident and are caused by others” “It’s a routine requirement to admit, keep them safe and run more tests”
116
Paeds: Mx of NAI
Ix: full body +/- skeletal survey, draw/photo, attachment, growth, hygiene, bloods and bone profile, fundoscopy, CT head, check child protection register Mx: must admit, involve 1. seniors 2. named doc for child protection 3. social services, formulate a plan, consider if siblings need protection, F/U
117
Paeds: What is the classical triad of shaken baby syndrome?
1. Encephalopathy 2. Retinal Haemorrhages 3. Subdural Haematoma
118
Paeds: Ddx of NAI Drowsy Baby
Sepsis Hypoglycaemia Poor Feeding Technique
119
Paeds: Ddx of Floppy Neonate
Congenital hypothyroidism, rickets, sepsis, chromosomal disorder eg Downs, metabolic disorder eg Prader Willi, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy
120
Paeds: Workup for Floppy Child
O/E: truncal hypotonia and head lag, dysmorphic features, limb movements Urine: amino and organic acids, reducing substances, mucopolysaccharides and oligosaccharide screen Bloods: antenatal guthrie screen, FBC, U+Es, LFTs, TFTs, Vit D, culture, karyotype
121
Paeds: Viva on Obesity
1. Plot findings on growth chart 2. Organic causes: insulin resistance, leptin deficiency, PWS, hypothyroidism, cushings 3. Risk factors: modifiable inc diet, lack of exercise, psychosocial + non-modifiable inc FHx and birth wt 4. MDT approach: paediatrician, specialist nurse, psychologist, school nurse, GP, dietician, family therapy 5. Population approach: public health advertising + education
122
Paeds: What is the usual age toilet trained children become dry by day and by night?
Day <4yrs + Night <5yrs
123
Paeds: RFs for Enuresis
Male FHx Obesity Psych
124
Paeds: How do you classify bedwetting?
Must ascertain whether daytime sx and if prev continence 1°: never achieved sustained continence at night + daytime sx think overactive bladder/ectopic ureter - daytime sx think sleep arousal diff 2°: after achieving six mnths dry at night think diabetes, UTI and constipation
125
Paeds: Mx of Enuresis
Rule out: diabetes, uti, constipation Ix: urine 1. diary 2. dipstick 3. MC+S, renal USS, MCUG Consrv: reassure if <5yrs, watch and wait if 5-7yrs <2/wk, alarm and praise success if 5-7yrs >2/wk, optimise weight, avoid caffeine and use toilet before bed, use bed pads Medical: straight to desmopressin if >7yrs or require short term control Referral: 1° w daytime sx OR not responded to two courses of tx
126
Paeds: Ddx for Neonatal Breathing Difficulty
More common: transient tachypnoea of the newborn, sepsis, pneumonia Less common: meconium aspiration, pneumothorax, congenital anomaly eg fistula or diaphragmatic hernia
127
Paeds: Ddx for Jittery Baby
Hypoglycaemia Drug Withdrawal Polycythaemia
128
Paeds: Ddx for Postnatal Collapse
Sepsis Congenital Heart Disease Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
129
Paeds: Ddx for Neonatal Vomiting
Meconium Ileus Duodenal Atresia Necrotising Enterocolitis
130
Paeds: When are the different hearing exams done?
Newborn: 1. EOAE 2. AABR 7-9m: Distraction Testing 10-18m: Visual Reinforcement Audiometry 18m-4y: Performance + Speech Discrimination Testing >4yrs: Pure Tone Audiometry
131
O+G: Workup for Miscarriage
Bleed: when, quantity, colour, clots, discharge, haematuria/PR, prev eps SVR: abdo pain, N+V, fever, dizzy, sob, falls - think infection, anaemia, trauma Hx: ICE, PGHx inc sexual and smears, POHx, PMHx, PSHx, DHx, FHx, SHx Ix: o/e, obs chart, bloods, preg test, speculum, TVUS, must exc ectopic Mx: admit if ectopic or hemo unstable, <6wk expectant w 1wk preg test or 2wk FU, >6wk 1. expectant 7-14d 2. PO/PV misoprostol 3. MVA under LA or ERPC under GA all w 3wk preg test or 4wk FU and anti-D if surg mx or >12w, MDT w psychologist if appropriate Couns: anyone you’d like to be here w you, it’s not your fault, they’re common 1/5, won’t affect future chances, the tablet helps the womb to push, leaflets
132
O+G: Miscarriage vs PUV
Miscarriage: either no FH and CRL >7mm or GS >25mm and no foetus confirmed by two clinicians PUV: either no FH and CRL <7mm or GS <25mm and no foetus therefore TVUS again in 7d
133
O+G: Classification of Miscarriages
Early/Late: <13wks + 13-24wks Os Open: inevitable + incomplete Os Closed: threatened, complete, missed
134
O+G: What are the risks a/w surgical mx of miscarriage?
I: cervical trauma, uterine perforation, retained POC E: haemorrhage + infection L: adhesions + psych
135
O+G: HIV in Pregnancy
RFs: vertical risk if high viral load/low CD4 count, prolonged ROM, breastfeeding Monitoring: test at booking, viral load every 2-4wks and at 36wks, CD4 at baseline and delivery Mx of Mother: continual ART, at 36wks if <50 copies/mL SVD but if >50 copies/mL or hep C coinfection ELCS at 38w, avoid foetal blood sampling and breastfeeding, consider giving mother cabergoline to red lactation, offer guidance about contraception Mx of Infant: clamp cord asap and bath baby, if low/med risk 2-4w PO zidovudine monotherapy vs high risk 4w PEP combination, PCR @ 6+12 wks
136
O+G: Workup for Headache
Screen for PET, Comps, VIVID PET: vision, vomiting, swelling Comps: epigastric/RUQ pain, sob, fatigue, nosebleeds, fits VIVID: onset, speech, consciousness, head injury, worse lying down, fever, wt loss
137
O+G: Ix for HELLP Syndrome
O/e: tenderness in epigastrium/RUQ Bloods: FBC for low pl, LFTs for inc br, film for schistocytes
138
O+G: Ddx of Itch
Obs Cholestasis Plus: eczema, hepatitis, PBC, GS, pancreatic cancer, CMV Therefore ask about jaundice, rash, dark urine, pale stools, wt loss
139
O+G: Obs Cholestasis
No Rash - itch w excoriations +/- jaundice RFs: prev OC, FHx, ethnicity, multiple preg, pruritis on COCP Ix: Raised BR + Bile Acids Tx: symptoms w loose cotton clothes, topical emollient, ursodeoxycholic acid, sedating antihistamines, monitoring w wkly LFTs and biwkly doppler/CTG, IOL @ 37wks, FU w GP, do NOT use COCP b/w pregnancies Comps: sev liver impairment, prematurity, stillbirth
140
O+G: Acute Fatty Liver
No Pruritis - abdo pain, N+V, jaundice RFs: nulliparity, male foetus, multiple preg, obesity, PET Ix: Raised ALT + Uric Acid Tx: supportive through third trimester then deliver once stable Comps: haemorrhage 2° to DIC, renal failure, stillbirth
141
Paeds: Difference b/w Osteochondritidies
Osgood-Schlatter Disease: patellar tendon inflammation Chondromalacia Patellae: patella posterior surface cartilage degeneration Osteochondritis Dissecans: AVN causing bone/cartilage fragmentation
142
Paeds: Ddx for Blue Baby
Cardiac: R-L shunt thus dec pulmonary blood flow ie TOF ‘boot shaped heart’, TGA ‘egg on a string’, tricuspid atresia Resp: surfactant def, meconium aspiration, pulmonary hypoplasia all of which could lead to PPHN
143
Paeds: TOF
VSD RVH Pulm Stenosis Overriding Aorta
144
Paeds: What are the limit ages for gross motor development?
4m - Head Control 9m - Sits Unsupported 12m - Stands Independently 18m - Walks Independently
145
Paeds: What are the limit ages for vision and fine motor development?
3m - Fixes + Follows 6m - Reaches for Objects 9m - Transfers 12m - Pincer Grip
146
Paeds: What are the limit ages for hearing, speech and language development?
7m - Polysyllabic Babble 10m - Consonant Babble 18m - 6 Words w Meaning 2y - Joins Words Together 2.5y - 3 Words Sentences
147
Paeds: What are the limit ages for social, emotional and behavioural development?
8w - Smiles 10m - Fear of Strangers 18m - Can Self Feed 2. 5y - Symbolic Play 3. 5y - Interactive Play
148
O+G: What are the RFs for an ectopic pregnancy?
``` Inc Age Smoker Chlamydia IUD IVF Prev Ectopic Prev Abdo/Pelvic Surgery ```
149
O+G: What are the key points to a contraception hx?
Screen for any UKMEC health problems in PMHx Explain the pros and cons of each form of contraception Refer for sexual health screening if appropriate Safetynet eg if period >7d late or lower abdo pain
150
O&G: Placental Praevia vs Abruption
Extent of abdo pain + if any signs of shock
151
O&G: Ddx for PV Bleeding
Non-Preg: menstrual, PCB (cervical polyp/ectropion/malignancy), PMB (atrophic vaginitis and endometrial polyp/hyperplasia/malignancy) Early Preg: above plus miscarriage (pain precedes bleeding), ectopic (bleeding precedes pain), molar preg Late Preg: vasa previa, placenta previa/accreta, placental abruption, uterine rupture, bloody show, PPH Kleihauer Test, Hb Electrophoresis, Anti-D
152
O&G: Ddx for PV Discharge
High Vaginal Swab: Candidiasis Bacterial Vaginosis Trichomonas Vaginitis Endocervical Swab: Chlamydia Gonorrhoea Physiological
153
O&G: Ddx for Abdo Pain
Non-Preg: GI, UTI, tubo-ovarian pathology, PID, fibroids, endometriosis Early Preg: above plus miscarriage (pain precedes bleeding), ectopic (bleeding precedes pain), molar preg Late Preg: labour, placental abruption, uterine rupture, HELLP, AFLP
154
O&G: Ddx for Red Fetal Movements
TORCH, IUGR, Miscarriage/SB
155
O&G: Rashes
Infectious: MMR, VZV, syphilis Non Inf: linea nigra, striae gravidarum, acne flares, atopic eczema, psoriasis, pruritis folliculitis, pemphigoid gestations, prurigo, PUPPP
156
Paeds: ASD vs VSD
ASD O/e: raised JVP, thrill, ESM A/w: pulm HTN, CCF, Downs VSD O/e: SOB, thrill, PSM A/w: TOF, coarctation, PDA
157
Paeds: SRV
``` Fever Rash Fits Cough SOB Vomit Blood Bile Pain Urine Stool Blood Mucus Lumps Joints Injury Colour Activity ``` Plus: bulging fontanelle, feeding, nappies in infants
158
Paeds: Ddx for Fever
Make sure you do SRV + FLAWS Infection: work through the systems - sepsis, meningitis, ENT, croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, gastroenteritis, UTI, transient synovitis, scarlet fever, HIV Inflammation: kawasaki disease, JIA, SLE Malignancy: ALL, lymphoma, ewing’s sarcoma
159
Paeds: Ddx for Rash
Make sure you ask about itch + SRV Infection: bacterial/viral/fungal/parasitic - impetigo, meningitis, lyme disease, HHV, MMR, poxvirus, parvovirus, enterovirus, tinea, scabies Inflammation: kawasaki disease, JIA, HSP Dermatological: dermatitis, CMPA, eczema +/- herpeticum, psoriasis, acne Haematological: vascular birthmarks, ITP/DIC, NAI/trauma Systemic: urticaria, jaundice, erythema nodosum/multiforme
160
Paeds: Ddx for Vomiting
Emergencies: sepsis, meningitis, DKA Gastro Medical: gastroenteritis, GORD, CMPA Gastro Surgical: pyloric stenosis, intussusception, malrotation, volvulus, appendicitis Misc: raised ICP, torsion, bulimia
161
Paeds: Ddx for Abdo Mass
``` Constipation Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Pyloric Stenosis Intussusception Neuroblastoma Wilm Tumour ```
162
Paeds: Ddx for Headache
Sinister: infection, raised ICP, haematoma, trauma Non-Sinister: tension, migraine, sinusitis, dehydration
163
Paeds: Ddx for Diarrhoea
Infection, Inflammation, Food Intolerance, Overflow, Anxiety
164
Paeds: Ddx for Encoporesis
Chronic Constipation + Anxiety Plus: Hirschsprungs, imperforate anus, anal trauma
165
Paeds: Ddx for Developmental Delay
Specific: LD + impairments Global: cerebral palsy, ASD, ADHD, genetic syndromes, neglect
166
Paeds: Ix for DD
Bedside: developmental history, RFs, MH screen, bloods for genetic testing, vision/hearing Referral: developmental paediatrician + CAMHS
167
Paeds: Cardiac Arrest Algorithm
Five initial breaths then 15:2
168
Paeds: List the Autistic Spectrum Disorders
1. PDD-NOS 2. Autism 3. Asperger’s 4. Rett Syndrome 5. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
169
Paeds: Autistic Spectrum Disorder Triad + Mx
Triad of: impaired social interaction, speech and language disorder, routine w ritualistic and repetitive behaviours Ix: physical exam to exclude Down syndrome and establish baseline, autism diagnostic interview, autism diagnostic observation schedule, WPSSI/WISC Tx: MDT approach inc SALT, education health and care plan, applied behavioural analysis
170
Paeds: ADHD Triad + Mx
Triad of: hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention Ix: conners rating scale, classroom observation, educational psychological assessment Tx: refer, parent training, behavioural and educational interventions, 6w methylphenidate, 6w lisdexamphetamine, atomoxetine
171
Paeds: WAGR Syndrome
Wilms Tumour Aniridia GU Malformations Retardation
172
Paeds: Ix for Recurrent UTIs
US: structural abnormalities MCUG: VUR + PUV DMSA: renal scarring
173
Paeds: Sepsis 6
1. Oxygen 2. Bloods 3. IV/IO Abx 4. Fluids 5. Senior 6. Inotropes
174
Paeds: Red Flags of Sepsis
``` Hypotension Lactate >2 Inc HR/RR SpO2 <90 AVPU P/U Immunocomp Rash/Mottled ```
175
Paeds: Mx of OSD
Reassure + Consrv: analgesia, intermittent ice packs, protective knee pads, red sporting activity until sx dec, encourage stretching
176
Paeds: Mx of TGA
Set up a prostaglandin infusion, call seniors and paediatric surgery, hyperoxia test, CXR, echo
177
Paeds: Up to what age would hand dominance be considered pathological?
12m
178
Paeds: Primitive Reflexes
If absent at birth = abnormal 2m - StePPing 4m - Root + Moro 5m - Palmar/Plantar Grasp
179
Paeds: What is a devastating long term consequence of a VSD that may present in early adulthood?
Eisenmenger Syndrome: L-R Shunt -> R-L Shunt
180
Paeds: Precocious Puberty Ages
Girls <8y Boys <9y True - GnRH dependent: idiopathic, CNS tumour/injury, congenital anomaly Pseudo - GnRH independent: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Leydig cell/ovarian tumours, McCune-Albright syndrome
181
Paeds: Pubertal Delay Ages
Girls >13.5y Boys >14y Central - hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism: Kallmann syndrome, chronic illness, anorexia nervosa Peripheral - hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism: Klinefelter’s/Turner’s, gonadotropin resistance, acquired
182
Paeds: Down Syndrome
Facies: upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, brushfield spots in iris, flattened nasal bridge, low set small folded ears, small mouth, macroglossia, short neck, flat occiput Associations: heart defects, resp infections, Hirschprung, coeliac, duodenal atresia, obstructive sleep apnoea, dental problems, short stature, developmental delay, epilepsy, ALL/germ cell tumour, early onset Alzheimer’s
183
O+G: Fetal Screening
Combined @ 10-14w: Nuchal Transluceny + b-hCG/PAPP-A Quadruple Test @ 14-20w: b-hCG, AFP, unconjugated oestriol, inhibin A
184
O+G: Which vaccinations are offered in pregnancy?
Influenza + Pertussis
185
O+G: When should you induce labour in multiple pregnancies?
MCMA: 32-34w MCDA: 36-37w DCDA: 37-38w
186
O+G: What are the criteria for IVF on the NHS?
If <40yo offered three cycles if: unable to get pregnant through regular UPSI for 2yrs OR after 12 cycles of artificial insemination If 40-42yo offered one cycle if: above AND first time, no evidence of low ovarian reserve, informed of comps w pregnancy at this age
187
O+G: Ddx for Subfertility
Anovulation: ovarian failure, PCOS, AN, Kallmann, Sheehan’s, hyperprolactinaemia Plus: tubal pathology, endometriosis, male infertility, unexplained
188
O+G: Menorrhagia Qs
Anaemia + Bleeding Disorders
189
O+G: Mx of Menorrhagia
Ddx: physiological, cervical pathology, fibroids (TVUS), endometriosis (diagnostic lap), adenomyosis (MRI) Ix: hx, abdo exam, preg test, bloods for FBC TFTs G+S clotting, bimanual/speculum/special tests if suspect ddx Tx: establish if they’re trying to conceive, mirena/COCP vs MFA/TXA, ferrous sulphate, endometrial ablation/hysterectomy
190
O+G: Naegele’s Rule
EDD = LMP - 3m + 1w
191
O+G: Ddx for Hyperemesis
O+G: Morning Sickness Gravidarum Molar Preg GI/GU: Gastroenteritis Bowel Obstrc UTI
192
O+G: Morning Sickness vs Hyperemesis Gravidarum
MS: common, tends to improve after first trimester, none of below HG: >5% wt loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances RFs: modifiable smoker/high BMI + NM nulliparous, prev hx, multiple preg, molar preg PUQE: assess severity if >13 admit vs <13 but cannot tolerate oral mx ambulatory day case Ix: obs/assess dehydration, body wt, urine dipstick infection/DKA, bloods for FBC U+Es LFTs TFTs VBG +/- US exclude other causes Tx: antihistamine eg promethazine/cyclizine, antiemetic eg metoclopramide/ondansetron, steroids, IV fluids w KCL and thiamine, LMWH
193
O+G: GTD
Complete: empty egg fertilised by two sperm/one which duplicates ie 46XY/XX - snowstorm Partial: normal egg fertilised by two sperm/one which duplicates ie 69XXX/XXY - fetal parts Malignancy: invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumour RFs: extremes of reproductive age, ethnicity, prev GTD, low beta carotene/saturated fat diet Px: usually painless irregular PV bleeding, hyperemesis, XS uterine enlargement Mx: serum b-hCG/TFTs, pelvic US/histology, cancer screen, ERPC +/- methotrexate, avoid pregnancy until 6m of normal b-hCG
194
O+G: Amsel Criteria
To dx BV require >=3 of: discharge, whiff test, vaginal pH >4.5, clue cells on microscopy
195
O+G: Rotterdam Criteria
To dx PCOS require >=2 of: 2y oligo/anovulation, clinical/biochem features of hyperandrogenism eg hirsutism/LH>FSH, polycystic ovaries on TVUS ie >12 in >=1 ovary OR volume >=10cm^3 Ix: above plus monitoring for DM and CVD Tx: optimise wt, oligo/anovulation and hyperandrogenism w COCP, infertility w endogenous clomiphene +/- metformin, exogenous gonadotrophins/IVF, lap ovarian drilling
196
O+G: Tx/Comps of Chlamydia/Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia: 7d doxycyline/3d azithromycin - PID, fitz-hugh-curtis, Reiter’s syndrome Gonorrhoea: single dose of IM ceftriaxone/PO ciprofloxacin - PID, Skene/Bartholin abscess, disseminated gonorrhoea
197
O+G: Def of Labour
Painful uterine contractions + cervical dilatation and effacement +/- rom NB: Braxton-Hicks contractions are painless and there’s no cervical change
198
O+G: Mx of Cord Prolapse
1. Help 2. Prevent further cord compression: avoid handling, elevate the presenting part/fill maternal bladder, tocolytics 3. Place mother in either: all fours, left lateral position, knees to chest 4. Deliver
199
O+G: Menopause
If <45 take FSH twice a mnth apart to see if elevated vs >45 clinical retrospective diagnosis 1. Lifestyle: regular exercise, red stress, sleep hygiene 2. HRT: establish whether they still have a uterus, Elleste Solo if no, Elleste Duet if yes, both carry risk of breast cancer and VTE, FU @ 3m then annually for effectiveness/SEs/BP 3. Alternatives: CBT/SSRI, lubricants, bisphosphonates
200
O+G: Amenorrhoea
1°: no menstruation by >16y in those w secondary sexual characteristics or >14y in those w/o 2°: cessation of regular menses for >3m or if irregular menses for >6m
201
O+G: DVT
RFs + Wells <=1 DD vs >=2 US Tx: start s/c LMWH and continue until >6w postnatally or >3m of tx whichever is greater, do NOT use DOAC/warfarin in pregnancy, discontinue LMWH 24hrs before delivery, if VTE at term use IV unfractionated heparin which can be reversed w protamine sulphate
202
O+G: The FIGO Stages
Ovarian: confined, pelvis, abdomen, beyond Endometrial: confined, cervix, local, bladder/bowel/distant mets Cervical: confined, upper vagina, lower vagina, bladder/bowel/distant mets
203
O+G: Incontinence
Types: stress, urge, mixed, overflow, functional Both: exclude DM/UTI, bladder diaries, urodynamic testing, encourage reduction of caffeine/fizzy drinks, optimise wt Stress RFs: age, obesity, children, traumatic delivery, pelvic surgery Stress Mx: 1. 3m pelvic floor exercises 2. SNRI eg duloxetine OR surgical eg burch colposuspension Urge RFs: age, obesity, smoking, DM, FHx Urge Mx: 1. 6w bladder training 2. antimuscarinic eg oxybutynin 3. beta-3 agonist eg mirabegron 4. surgical eg botox injection
204
O+G: Threatened Miscarriage vs APH
> 20wks
205
O+G: RFs for Placental Abruption
Prev, C/S, PET, smoking, cocaine
206
O+G: What US finding is suggestive of a MCDA pregnancy?
T-sign
207
O+G: Cervical Cancer Screening
25 -[3]- 49 -[5]- 64
208
O+G: Mx of Ectopic
It depends on pt sx, stable, adnexal size, fetal heartbeat, serum hCG Expectant: serial hCG Medical: IM methotrexate Surgical: salpingectomy 3w FU vs salpingotomy wkly FU both +/- anti-D If accidental discuss contraception and STI screen
209
O+G: Breast Cancer Screening
50 -[3]- 71
210
O+G: RFs for PPROM
Maternal: smoker, prev PROM/PTL, APH, trauma, cervical incompetence Fetal: multiple preg + polyhydramnios
211
O+G: Levator Ani
Puborectalis Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus
212
O+G: What are the four categories of uterine prolapse?
1. Cervix is in the upper half of the vagina | 2. Introitus 3. Protrudes 4. Procidentia
213
O+G: Tx of PID
Tx Comps + Remove IUD IM Ceftriaxone x1 PO Doxycycline 14d PO Metronidazole 14d If sys unwell, tubo-ovarian abscess, signs of peritonitis, unable to rule out other surgical causes, unable to tolerate oral abx - inpatient
214
O+G: Gardasil
6 11 16 18
215
O+G: Ddx for Dysmenorrhoea
``` Primary Endometriosis Adenomyosis Fibroids PID ```
216
Psych: Depression Hx
How long Tell me about whats been going on Would it be okay for me to ask you some more details qs about how you’ve been feeling How have you been feeling in yourself What about feeling tearful - things that wouldn’t ordinarily bother you What about your energy levels How have you been managing at work With all this going on how are you sleeping How long does it take you to fall asleep Are you waking up much in the night And able to get back to sleep Appetite Concentration Memory Are there still things in your life that you still enjoy How old are your children Looking after children takes up a lot of time, how are you coping with that feeling as low as you do What about looking after yourself When pple feel down it can have an impact on their relationship w close ones ... It can also affect everything in the relationship including their sex life, have you noticed any changes there Every had episodes in the past where you feel like this
217
Psych: Mania Hx
Has long has this been going on for Am I right in thinking you normally do a different job Can I take you back a step you said God tells you, can you tell me a bit more about that Does the voice come through the ears or from inside your head Who have you shown it to Sorry to interrupt, it sounds like this has been keeping you really busy, have you been sleeping much at all How are your thoughts How do you feel about yourself and you self esteem Have you ever had anything like this before in your life where you feel full of energy ... And any times where it’s been the opposite, where you’ve feel low and lacked energy Anyone in the family w things like this How have you been feeling phsyically Taking any prescribed medication, over the counter, recreational drugs It sounded like your friend/family didn’t think you were very well atm, what do you think about that
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Psych: ‘Can we talk about this now you seem to be going off on one’ - Mania
I would like to hear about it but before we get back into that What I’m wondering is this might be a sign that you’re not very well atm
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Psych: Anxiety Hx
Take your time How long has this been going on for Before this had you had anything similar Can you remember what happened to start it all off What did you think was going on Are you finding yourself avoiding situations How is it affecting your relationship w pple close to you Have you had a heart trace done - what were you told about the results Even though you’ve been told nothings wrong w the heart, do you still worry there might be
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Psych: ‘What do you think it is’ - Anxiety
I’d agree that there doesn’t seem to be anything wrong w the heart I say this because of the ECG and no RFs Justify: normal ECG + no RFs What I’m wondering is if it’s the anxiety giving you a lot of these symptoms Have you ever thought this might be the case Has anyone ever explained anxiety and panic attacks to you - talk about adrenaline, fight or flight, hypervigilance, our heart rate goes up and down throughout the day but most of us don’t notice us but because you’ve had a prev panic attack it makes you more aware of it
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Psych: Psychosis Hx
How long has it been going on for How did you first notice this was happening I’ve noticed while we’ve been talking you’ve been looking around the room as if you’re checking for something, could I ask you whats happening at those times ``` Who is it you can hear/recognise How many voices Can you hear what they’re saying Do they talk to each other Why do you think they’re doing that ``` Has there been any other changes, perhaps to the way you’re thinking, sometimes pple tell us they’re getting thoughts put into their head that aren’t their own Do you have any idea how that’s happening What about the experience that somehow other pple are able to know what you’re thinking even though you haven’t told them And that your thoughts stop all together Any problems w the rest of your body, changes in sensation Has it had any other affect on your life Any problems watching the tv or listening to the radio
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Psych: ‘Do you believe me?’ - Psychosis
I certainly believe that you’re having a really difficult time atm and this is all very real for you I guess what I’m not so sure about is what’s causing this
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Psych: Def of Depression
>2wks Low mood, Anhedonia, Anergia
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Psych: Beck’s Negative Triad
All w/o Reason: Worthless - how is your self esteem? Hopeless - how do you feel about the world? Helpless - what are your feelings towards the future?
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Psych: Sx of Depression
Core: low mood, anhedonia, anergia Biological: sleep, appetite, libido Cognitive: concentration + Beck’s Triad of worthlessness, hopelessness, helplessness Always ask about elevated mood too
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Psych: Ddx for Depression
``` Pseudo Bipolar Dysthymia Cyclothymia Hypothyroid Substances Postnatal Dementia GAD ``` Adjustment Grief Reaction
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Psych: Mx of Depression
U+Es ECG PHQ-9 Self referral to CBT - computerised cbt ‘The positive side is you’ve done something about it by coming in today and there’s certainly a range of things we can put in place to support you and treatments available - can we spend a few minutes going through those options’ Mild-Mod: CBT or IPT Mod-Sev: above + antidepressants +/- augmentation ECT Support groups/charities
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Psych: What should you check before starting antidepressants?
Any periods of elevated mood + ECG for long QT syndrome
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Psych: Ddx of Mania
Tbc
230
Psych: PTSD
>1m 1. Trauma Focused CBT + EMDR 2. SSRI - Paroxetine 3. NaSSA - Mirtazapine
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Psych: Grief Reaction vs ASR vs PTSD
GR: can be normal
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Psych: Monitoring of Lithium
Tbc
233
Psych: Def of GAD
Tbc
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Psych: GAD
>6m ‘React more easily’ ‘If we start to tackle this as if it’s more anxiety we have talking therapies and tablets - theres pros and cons to both which we’ll need to run through’
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Psych: What are the two types of bipolar affective disorder?
Type I: >=1 Manic Ep >1w Type II: >=1 Hypomanic Ep >4d AND >=1 Major Depressive Ep >2w
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Psych: OCD
>2w Recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive repeated acts 1. Exposure + Response Prevention CBT 2. SSRI - Fluoxetine 3. TFA - Clomipramine
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Psych: Ddx of GAD
Tbc
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Psych: Physical Sx of Anxiety
``` Dizzy Sweating Palpitations Hyperventilation Loose Bowels ```
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Psych: Def of Schizophrenia
Typically starts in 20s for males and 30s for females >6m Make sure you acknowledge the pt ‘I know these are real for you’ ``` >=1sx >=1m Third person auditory hallucinations Delusions of thought Delusions of control Delusional perception ``` OR ``` >=2 Paranoid Hebephrenic Catatonic Simple AND present most time >=1m AND not caused by substance/oganic ```
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Psych: Schizo vs OCD
Whether the thoughts were put there or originated from their own head
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Psych: Mx of Schizophrenia
Bio-Psycho-Social U+Es ECG CBT Family Therapy Art Therapy Atypical Antipsychotics - queutapine +/- CBT Do prolactin and CVD rfs inc lipids and HbA1c, measure wt, before starting antipsychotic, optimise cv rfs Smoking/substance support Clozapine - neutropenia, NMS - raised CK and AKI, rlly high fever, muscle stiffness - stop offending drug, dantrolene, bromocriptine, benzos Support groups/charities
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Psych: How to ask the first rank sx?
Auditory Hallucinations: ‘Do you ever hear noises or voices?’ ‘Do you recognise them?’ ‘What do they say?’ ‘Do they tell you to do things and you obey?’ Somatic Hallucinations: ‘Do you ever feel that something is touching you when there’s nobody there?’ Thought Abnormalities: ‘Do you experience your thoughts suddenly stopping?’ ‘Do you ever feel like anyone is taking thoughts out of your head?’ ‘Are your thoughts your own?’ ‘Can other people hear your thoughts?’ Delusional Perception: ‘Do you ever feel that specific events in the world or on TV are related to you in some way?’ Passivity: ‘Do you ever feel as though you are being controlled?’
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Psych: Ddx for Schizophrenia
``` Psychosis Schizophreniform Schizoaffective Postnatal Cluster A Thyrotoxicosis Substances OCD ``` Delusional Disorder Hepatic Encephalopathy
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Psych: What are the SEs of atypical antipsychotics?
Typicals - Extra-pyramidal: tardive dyskinesia, acute dystonia, parkinsonism Atypicals - Metabolic: sedation, wt gain, dyslipidaemia, hyperprolactinaemia
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Psych: How to px the MSE?
ASEPTIC Appearance + Behaviour: dress, hygiene, eye contact, rapport, concentration Speech: rate rhythm tone volume quantity, poverty, pressured Emotion: subj mood/season now + obj affect/weather then Perception: illusions + hallucinations Thought: formal thought abnormality, alogia, clanging, neologism, perseveration, derailment, depersonalisation, delusions, possession Insight: preserved, partial, nil Cognition: time, place, person - what’s the date, where are we now, who am I
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Psych: Depression MSE
A: signs of neglect, dehydration, miserable, disinterested, anxious movements, poor eye contact, looking down, posture, tearful S: slow, quiet, mute E: constricted affect, nihilism P: severe, nihilistic delusions, persecutory delusions, evil images, guilt ‘feel they have harmed someone/done something bad’ T: Beck’s Triad I: nil C: psychomotor retardation mimics cognitive impairment
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Psych: Mania MSE
A: excitable, irritable, distracted, inappropriate clothing S: pressured E: inc self esteem, grandiose, labile mood, irritable, insomnia, loss of inhibition, inc appetite, inc libido, exaggerated and euphoric affect P: grandiose delusions Feel like they are destined for something special/have special abilities’, paranoia, catatonic stupor T: flight of ideas, racing thought, suicidal ideas, third person auditory hallucinations I: minimal C: nil impact
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Psych: Schizophrenia MSE
A: disheveled, dec eye contact, agitated, suspicious S: disorganised, word salad E: blunted and inappropriate affect P: paranoid ‘sometimes have the feeling that a person/group wants to harm them’ T: procress: block, insertion, broadcasting, derailment + content: delusional? I: variable C: deficit
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Psych: Def of AN
BMI <17.5 OR Wt Loss >15%
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Psych: Personality Disorders
Cluster A - odd: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Cluster B - dramatic: histrionic, EUPD, antisocial Cluster C - anxious: avoidant, anankastic, dependent
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Psych: SEs of Antipsychotics
Typicals - early acute dystonia (procyclidine), late tardive dyskinesia (tetrabenazine), parkinsonism, akathisia Atypicals - wt gain, dyslipidaemia, hyperprolactinaemia, sedation Clozapine - agranulocytosis + neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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Psych: Emergencies
SS NMS Psychosis Delirium
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Psych: Risk Assessment
It sounds like a very difficult time for you, can I ask you how you’re coping with all of this It sounds like you don’t feel very safe have I got that right Have you felt the need to take steps to protect yourself in any way Has it got so bad that you’re felt the need to hurt yourself or kill yourself as the only way out In the past ever had problems w your temper, getting in fights Can I double check you haven’t been in trouble w the police before With all of this going on, is their anywhere you feel safe It’s a difficult q to ask but one we ask everybody in your situation, have things ever been so bad that you not only thought about harming yourself but also to take the children with you What about the other side of that, things to live for Are there pple that can be supportive Do you feel able to keep yourself safe atm from hurting yourself Do you think if that was to change, you’d be able to let anyone know
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Psych: Suicide Risk Assessment
Before-During-After Before: careful planning, writing a note, sorting will/finances, isolation, mental illness, prev act During: method (drugs, alcohol, violent) + purpose (intent to die) After: route to hospital, any regret, future risk Assess capacity and admit if high risk, at the greatest risk during first wk of admission, formulate 1. crisis plan 2. coping strategies 3. F/U <1wk
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Psych: Suicide RFs
SAD PERSONS Sex Male Age Extremities <25/>45 Depression + Others ``` Prev Act Excessive Alcohol/Drugs Rational Thinking Loss Social Support Lacking Organised Plan No Partner Sickness ```
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Psych: Mx of EUPD
Bio-Psycho-Social Refer for dialectical behavioural therapy first line and consider mentalisation-based therapy, art therapy, SSRIs Formulate short/long term goals and a crisis plan inc providing contact numbers for local crisis resolution team, community mental health nurse, OOH social worker Educate pt on dx and identify triggers, seek senior and MDT input, F/U
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Psych: How would you explain EUPD?
It’s often undiagnosed and characterised by an inc sensitivity to emotions and is likely linked to stressful life circumstances
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Psych: What does the total score on the PHQ-9, GAD-7, HADS reflect?
PHQ-9: 0-4 none, 5-9 mild, 10-14 mod, 15-19 mod/sev, 20-27 sev GAD-7: 0-4 none, 5-9 mild, 10-14 mod, 15-21 sev HADS: 7Qs for Depression + 7Qs for Anxiety each scores 0-7 norm, 8-10 borderline, 11-21 abnormal
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Psych: Mx of Alcohol Withdrawal
Tx if CIWA-Ar >8: oral lorazepam/chlordiazepoxide + parenteral thiamine Bio-Psycho-Social: detox and then acamprosate/disulfiram, motivational interviewing, alcoholics anonymous
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Postnatal Depression
Bio-Psycho-Social: sertraline/paroxetine, CBT, involve home tx team or if severe admit to MBU Screen for neglect by ascertaining feelings towards baby It usually takes <1m to recover, explain it’s normal to feel low after giving birth but do not expect to continue past 2wks, likely due to hormonal changes
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Puerperal Psychosis
Admit to MBU and depending on px: antipsychotics/antidepressants/lithium, if agitated benzos, if severe ECT Screen for neglect by ascertaining feelings towards baby It usually takes 6-12wks to recover and you must F/U as 1/3 recur
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Psych: Tx of Paracetamol OD
Admit and establish exact time taken: If <1hr give activated charcoal If 4-8hrs measure serum paracetamol, plot on nomogram and if over tx line commence NAC infusion If >8hrs/OD was staggered commence NAC infusion, measure serum paracetamol and ALT, if over tx line or raised ALT continue
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Psych: How would you explain dialectical behavioural therapy?
It helps you understand your thought process and shows you things are rarely black and white and skills to cope w difficult emotions
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Psych: CAGE + FAST
CAGE >=2: cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye opener FAST >=3: predominantly used in A+E
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Psych: How is psychosis in depression different from psychosis in schizophrenia?
It’s mood congruent in depression vs not in schizophrenia due to their blunted affect
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Psych: Dependence Syndrome Classification
>=3 present together within prev yr: compulsion, difficulty controlling, physiological withdrawal or use to relieve/avoid, tolerance, progressive neglect, persistent use despite overt harmful consequences
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Psych: Wernicke’s + Korsakoff’s
W: ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, acute confusion - reversible K: plus anterograde amnesia w confabulation - irreversible
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Psych: Ddx for Puerperal Psychosis
Schizophrenia BPAD w Psychosis Psychotic Depression
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Psych: Mx of Opiate Withdrawal
Tx if COWS >5: naloxone + lofexidine for sx relief Bio-Psycho-Social: involve crisis assessment team followed by CMHT/primary care plus + harm reduction approaches eg needle exchange and vaccinations
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Psych: Def of Dementia
An acquired progressive degenerative disorder giving global impairment of all mental functions in clear consciousness
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Psych: What is the def/causes of delirium?
State of mental confusion that starts suddenly and is caused by a physical condition ie PInCH ME: pain, infection, constipation, dehydration and urinary retention, medications esp anticholinergics, electrolytes Mx: admit, MCA, tx underlying cause, safe low stimulation environment, de-escalation techniques, seek advice from elderly care, low dose lorazpem/haloperidol w senior input
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Psych: What screening tests assess cognitive function?
``` AMTS MMSE ACE-III MoCA Rudas ```
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Psych: How do you do a quick mental state assessment?
This is a shorter MMSE w/o the attention or language Registration: Apple, Table, Penny Orientation: What year is this? (1) What month is this? (1) What day of the wk is this? (1) Recall: What were the three objects? (1) >3 high likelihood of dementia
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Psych: MCA
Tbc
275
Psych: MHA
Tbc As an F1 wouldn’t be doing myself 2 (28d) - assessment 3 (6m) - treatment 4 (72h) - emerg tx 5(2) - holding for 72h
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Psych: Sx of Parkinson’s
Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia Always ask if they’re on antipsychotics
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Psych: CBT
The ABC of CBT: there’s an activating event, that’s mediated by beliefs (thoughts, attitudes, assumptions) and results in consequences (emotions/behaviour) Aim to understand the link b/w thoughts and emotions Formulation: rationale for pts problem - origin, current status, maintenance Map out the links b/w thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, behaviour Session: set an agenda, homework from prev session, specific interventions Depression - activity schedule to link mood and activities - build in activities that bring pleasure Negotiate behavioural targets Identify the negative automatic thoughts - thought record, identify cognitive disorders (allow events to fit in with underlying assumptions and beliefs), challenge (thought records, socratic questioning) Push pt to think about their thoughts/behaviours and design experiments to disprove the negative ones
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Psych: ECT
T
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Psych: CBT Anxiety Model
Anxiety Adrenaline + Hyperventilation Physical Sx Catastrophic Thoughts Safety Behaviours Anxiety
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Psych: CBT Depression Model
T
281
Psych: What are the SEs of SSRIs?
``` The Five S’s: Suicide Stomach Sexual Sleep Serotonin ```
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O+G: What are the urodynamics of a normal bladder function?
Voiding Detrusor Pressure <70 cm H2O Peak Flow Rate >15 mL/s
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Depression sx screen
Core: low mood, anhedonia, anergia Biological: appetite/wt change, low libido, sleep disturbance Cognitive: memory impairment, beck’s triad, suicidal PLUS hx of hypomania, psychosis, mood incongruence
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Schizophrenic sx screen
ICD-10 states >=1 of Schneider’s first rank sx OR >=2 ABCD
285
Duration of schizophrenia to dx
>=1m
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What are Schneider’s first rank sx?
Auditory Hallucinations: thought echo, third person voices, running commentary Abnormal Thoughts: insertion, withdrawal, broadcasting Delusion of Control: SIVA Delusional Perception
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What does the SIVA in delusion of control stand for?
Somatic Impulse Volition Affect
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What is a hallucination?
Perception in the absence of a stimulus
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What is a delusion?
Fixed false belief
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What is the ABCD part of the schizophrenia screen?
Always present hallucinations in any modality every day for a mnth Breaks in train of thought, incoherent speech, neologisms Caratonic behaviours: WRENCHES Defeatist sx: 5A’s
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What are the WRENCHES of catatonic behaviours?
``` Waxy Flexibility Rigidity Echopraxia Negativism Catalepsy Hyperactive Echolalia Stupor ```
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What are the five A’s of the negative sx?
``` Apathy Anhedonia Affect Blunted Asociality Alogia ```
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What are the acute and chronic sx of schizophrenia?
Acute, +ve sx, hallucinations, thought interference, delusions Chronic, -ve sx, 5A’s
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What is the cause of these acute and chronic sx?
Acute: XS dopamine in mesolimbic tracts Chronic: def dopamine in mesocortical tracts
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Outline the MSE
ASEPTIC Appearance + Behaviour Speech: rate, quantity, tone, volume, fluency Emotion: Mood + Affect Perceptions: Hallucinations + Illusions Thoughts: Form, Content, Possession Insight + Judgement Cognition: oritentation, attention, memory
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Outline the capacity assessment
Understand Retain Weighup Communicate
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How is one orientated?
Time, place, person
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What is inc in appearance + behaviour during the MSE?
Kempt, eye contact, distracted
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What is inc in insight + judgement during the MSE?
Tbc
300
What is mood + affect?
Mood - generally (flat/labile) Vs Affect - currently (blunted/elevated) Ask to rate their mood on a scale of 1-10
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What is an illusion?
Misinterpreted perception
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What are the different types of depression?
Unipolar Bipolar Psychotic Psychosocial Ddx: dysthymia, pseudo, adjustment disorder, hypothyroidism
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Which drugs shouldn’t you give to a bipolar entering hypomanic state?
Antidepressants w/o mood stabilisers
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What drugs shouldn’t you give to a Parkinson’s pt?
Antipsychotics
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Depression vs Adjustment Disorder
Depression may not necessarily have a preceding event and is likely to be more severe
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Biological vs Psychosocial
If it was: spontaneous, episodic, responded to prev tx, strong fhx etc all point towards a biological cause
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The sensitivity and specificity of the depression screen
Core+Bio - sensitive but not specific Cognitive - specific but not sensitive
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What is typical thought broadcasting?
They’re in the newspapers/TV
309
Which screening tools are their for alcohol misuse/dependency?
CAGE, AUDIT, SADQ
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What are the four CAGE qs?
Have you ever felt you need to cut down on your drinking? Have people annoyed you by criticising your drinking? Have you ever felt guilty about drinking? Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
311
What is considered a positive CAGE?
>=2
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What are the seven DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence?
``` Restricted Cravings Primacy Tolerance Withdrawal Relief Drinking Reinstatement ```
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How could you word asking about primacy?
Do you find yourself neglecting other aspects of your life because of alcohol
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What should you briefly ask about after screening for alcohol dependency?
Ascertain what exactly they’re drinking Ask about smoking and drugs Anything they see the GP for reg Ask for them to fill in AUDIT whilst you liaise w the rest of the team
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How could you word asking about tolerance?
Do you find you have to drink more to reach the same affect
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How many of the DSM-IV criteria are required for alcohol dependence?
>=3 occurring at any time in the same twelve mnth period
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How are non-fatal offences sentenced?
Offences Against the Person Act 1861: Assault + Battery - 6m S47 ABH + S20 GBH - 5y S18 GBH w Intent - up to life
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How often should pts in isolation be checked?
2hrly by nurse + 4hrly by dr
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What are T2 (consent form), T3 (certificate of second opinion) and S62 forms?
Apply to meds used to alleviate sx of mental disorder and their SEs after the initial 3m w/o consent period
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When does the T2 become invalid?
If the pt loses capacity to consent or withdraws consent -> SOAD If the tx changes or additional meds are prescribed -> new form
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SSRI SEs
GI disturbance, drowsiness, fatigue, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction
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What is the Braak staging for Alzheimer’s disease?
Stage I+II: transentorhinal - autonomic and olfactory disturbances Stage III+IV: limbic - sleep and motor disturbances Stage V+VI: neocortical - emotional and cognitive disturbances