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yr.11 Biology > yr.11 sem 1 Exam > Flashcards

yr.11 sem 1 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic factor

A

Non-living factors within an ecosystem, such as physical landscape or weather

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2
Q

Biodiversity

A

The full range of different living things in a region

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3
Q

Continuous variable

A

a variable that is able to take any value within a range: length, time and temperature are examples of continuous variables

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4
Q

Extrapolation

A

extension beyond the measured range of data to predict or construct new data that has not been measured

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5
Q

Measurement error

A

the difference between the measurement result and a currently accepted or standard value of a quantity

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6
Q

Primary data

A

data that you have measured or collected yourself

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7
Q

Quadrant

A

A square, rectangle or circle frame of convenient size, used to mark out an area in which organisms are to be sampled

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8
Q

Qualitative

A

non-numerical

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9
Q

Quantitive

A

numerical

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10
Q

Reliability

A

the degree to which an assessment instrument or protocol is able t consistently and repeatedly measure an attribute and achieve similar results for the same population

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11
Q

Secondary data

A

data or information that have been collected by someone else

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12
Q

Transect

A

method used in a population sampling where a line is drawn through a community to determine the distribution of species; can be used with quadrants and is useful for stationary organisms

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13
Q

Validity

A

something that can change or be changed, as distinct from a constant, which does not change

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14
Q

asymmetrical

A

Having no definite symmetry

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15
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical

A

having left and right halves of the body that are mirror images

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16
Q

Binomial system

A

system of naming organisms using two parts; a generic name and a specific name

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17
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

An area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species; must contain 1500 species of endemic vascular plants and have lost at least 70% of its primary native vegetation

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18
Q

biodiversity species concept

A

A definition of species based on wether members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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19
Q

biosphere

A

Any area on earth that living things inhabit

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20
Q

biotic factor

A

A living factor within an ecosystem, such as an animal or a plant

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21
Q

cladistics

A

A method of classifying organisms based on the characteristics they share

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22
Q

cladogram

A

A diagram constructed using cladistics that show the evolutionary relationships between organsisms

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23
Q

dichotomous

A

Describes a classification system where each branch has two options

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24
Q

ecosystem

A

A self-sustaining unit made up of a community of organisms in an area, the physical environment in which they live, and the interactions between them

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25
Q

ectothermic

A

Unable to control metabolic rate and therefore unable to regulate body temperature using internal metabolic processes

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26
Q

endemic

A

Describes a species that is native to a particular geographic region

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27
Q

endothermic

A

Able to generate heat via metabolic activity and therefore able to regulate internal body temperature using internal metabolic processes

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28
Q

eukaryote

A

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of Domain Eukarya

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29
Q

gene pool

A

The sum of all the genes, including all of their different forms, in a given population of one species

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30
Q

hybrid

A

The non-viable, infertile offspring that can result from the mating of two individuals from different species

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31
Q

Monophyletic

A

Describes organisms that are grouped together as a clade

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32
Q

Morphological species concept

A

A definition of a species based on physical characteristics

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33
Q

organisms

A

Living things that can respire to produce energy

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34
Q

paraphyletic

A

Describes a group that does not contain all of the organisms descended from the most recent common ancestor

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35
Q

photosynthesis

A

A chemical reaction using energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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36
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

A definition of species that states a species comprises the smallest group of individuals sharing a common ancestor

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37
Q

population

A

A group of individuals belonging to the same species living in a particular area at the same time

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38
Q

prokaryote

A

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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39
Q

radially symmetrical

A

Having a circular body plan with structures that radiate out

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40
Q

Species

A

a group of morphologically similar organisms that share a gene pool; members of a species can interbreed in natural conditions to produce fertile and viable offspring

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41
Q

Vascular tissue

A

(In plants) the tissue devoted to the bulk transport of water, nutrients, sugars and other substances; xylem and phloem

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42
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that have a backbone

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43
Q

Association

A

a relationship or interaction between two or more species

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44
Q

Biome

A

large-scale category of ecosystem across a large geographical area

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45
Q

Coevolve

A

simultaneously evolve adaptive features in two different species that place selective pressures on each other

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46
Q

Collaboration

A

the beneficial working together of members of the same species

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47
Q

Commensalism

A

a one-sided interaction between species, from which one organism benefits species, and the other does not benefit, nor is harmed

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48
Q

Community

A

a group of populations of different species in an ecosystem living in close enough proximity to interact

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49
Q

Dominant species

A

the most common or abundant species in a particular ecosystem

50
Q

Ectoparasites

A

parasites on the outside surface of the organism

51
Q

endemic

A

Describes a species that is native to a particular geographic region

52
Q

endoparasites

A

Parasites on internal environment of organism

53
Q

Environment

A

the abiotic and biotic factors of an area

54
Q

Epiphyte

A

a type of climbing plant, such as lianas, which uses trees as support as they reach for light

55
Q

Estuary

A

where fresh water meets salt water

56
Q

Habitat

A

an area or environment within an ecosystem where an individual of a species lives, feeds and reproduces

57
Q

Interspecific

A

describes interaction or relationships between members of different species

58
Q

Infraspecific

A

describes interactions or relationships between members of the same species

59
Q

Limiting factor

A

an element of the environment that restricts the survival of an organism to a region

60
Q

Mutualism

A

a symbiotic relationship which benefits both species in the relationship

61
Q

Parasitism

A

parasite derives its nutrients from the host, which is harmed or killed

62
Q

Photic zone

A

a region of water that light can penetrate, allowing photosynthesis to occur

63
Q

Population

A

group of the same species living in a particular area at the same time

64
Q

Predation

A

an interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

65
Q

Seed disperser

A

an organism that feeds on fruits and seeds for nutrition and, by defecating, deposits seeds in new locations where they can germinate and grow

66
Q

Seed predator

A

organism that feeds on seeds

67
Q

Substrate

A

a supporting surface on which an organism grows

68
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship between individuals of two or more species that is beneficial to at least on species

69
Q

Terrestrial environment

A

a land environment, such as tundra, desert or rainforest

70
Q

Topography

A

the composition of the natural and artificial feature of an area

71
Q

Anaerobic

A

an organism capable of making its own food from inorganic substances using light energy (through photosynthesis) or chemical energy (through chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria

72
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A

the cycling of matter through the living components (organisms) and non-living components (such as soils, rocks, water and the atmosphere) of an ecosystem

73
Q

Biomass

A

the total mass of biological matter (living or dead) in a given area, at a given time, that can be used as an energy source

74
Q

Carbon cycle

A

the biogeochemical cycle in which carbon moves through living and non-living reservoirs in ecosystems in out biosphere; carbon cycles quickly through organisms and the atmosphere via cellular respiration and photosynthesis

75
Q

Carbon sink

A

a biogeochemical reservoir, such as plants or the oceans, that stores carbon because it absorbs more carbon than it releases

76
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

the theory that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche for an extended period of time

77
Q

decomposers

A

Organisms that break down complex organic matter into simple inorganic molecules (nutrients); fungi and bacteria are common decomposers

78
Q

detritivore

A

An organism that feeds on small pieces of dead plant or animal matter

79
Q

detritus

A

Organic wastes, including faeces and dead tissues

80
Q

ecological niche

A

The role an organism has in its ecosystem and the conditions it requires to persist, including food sources, feeding activities, spatial habitat, reproduction and relationships

81
Q

fundamental niche

A

The potential role an organism could fulfil if there were no competitors, predators or parasites

82
Q

geochemical

A

Describes the chemical interactions that take place in crustal and subcrustal reservoirs, such as the deep Earth and lithosphere (crust)

83
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

The total organic matter in an ecosystem (or specified area) produced by photosynthesis

84
Q

herbivore

A

Primary consumer that feeds on plant organisms

85
Q

heterotroph

A

An organism that cannot synthesise its own organic compounds from simple inorganic materials

86
Q

keystone species

A

A species of relatively low abundance that has a disproportionately large influence over lower trophic levels, determining the coexistence of these species in an area

87
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

The amount of organic matter actually available to herbivores; the GPP less the energy required by the producers themselves

88
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

The process by which free nitrogen is ‘fixed’ or combined to form ammonium or nitrate ions before living things can make use of it for growth

89
Q

omnivore

A

An organism that feeds on a range of foods, including plant and animal matter

90
Q

primary consumer

A

A consumer that feeds directly on producers

91
Q

producer

A

An organism that is able to make complex organic molecules, its own food, from simpler inorganic materials

92
Q

realised niche

A

The actual ecological niche a species inhabits

93
Q

secondary consumer

A

A consumer that feeds on primary consumers

94
Q

top consumer

A

The last link in the food chain

95
Q

trophic efficiency

A

The percentage of energy at one trophic level that ends up in the next trophic level

96
Q

Capture-mark-recapture

A

An ecological surveying technique used to measure animal populations, in which individual animals are captured, marked and released

97
Q

carrying capacity

A

Maximum population size of a species that can be supported in a given environment

98
Q

density

A

The number of individuals in a given area

99
Q

distribution

A

The place in an ecosystem where individuals of species are found

100
Q

k-selection

A

Type of population growth in which initial growth may be slow, but over the long term a sustainable population is maintained

101
Q

population composition

A

The measurable characteristics of a population, such as age, sex ratios and fertility rate

102
Q

population density

A

The number of individuals of the same species living in the same habitat at a particular timer per unit area

103
Q

population dynamics

A

The way in which populations of a species change in size and structure over time

104
Q

r-selection

A

A type of population growth, in which opportunistic species quickly colonise an unstable ecosystem, leading to a pattern of rapid population increase and decrease, and their eventual replacement by competitors

105
Q

autotroph

A

A producer; an organism that can photosynthesise to make its own food using light energy from the sun

106
Q

climax community

A

The stable community present at the final stage in a succession; it is stable as long as environmental factors remain unchanged

107
Q

fire regime

A

The season, intensity and frequency of fire in a given area over a period of time

108
Q

gondwana

A

The southern supercontinent that drifted apart from Pangea

109
Q

Nudation

A

The development of bare sites with no organisms inhabiting the affected areas

110
Q

prescribed burning

A

The process of planning and applying fire to a predetermined area, under specific environmental conditions, to lower fuel loads and reduce the severity and size of bushfires

111
Q

primary succession

A

When succession begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

112
Q

secondary succession

A

A process of change in an ecosystem when a previously established community is taken over by a new group of organisms

113
Q

succession

A

A process of change in community composition and structure, usually towards the establishment of a stable ecosystem

114
Q

anoxic

A

Completely devoid of oxygen

115
Q

biological control

A

A method of pest control in which another species is introduced that can control the population of the pest species

116
Q

biomagnification

A

The sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations of a particular non-biodegradable chemical accumulate in the tissues of an organisms higher up the trophic levels

117
Q

eutrophication

A

The process that occurs when excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorous, enter a body of water and become highly concentrated, leading to excess growth of organisms such as algae

118
Q

fragmentation

A

The separation of some parts of the habitat of an ecosystem into isolated sections

119
Q

hypoxic

A

Low in oxygen

120
Q

invasive species

A

Introduced species that are able to establish populations in new areas

121
Q

salination

A

Process of increasing salt concentration in soil

122
Q

translocation

A

The transport and release of animals in another location

yr.11 Biology (8 decks)

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