Vascular plant systems

Question 1

Root pressure

Answer 1

root hairs, high SA, absorb H20 and minerals from soil
Water absorbed by osmosis
dissolved ions absorbed by process of diffusion
Force of H20 entering root and “pushing” its way into cells create pressure.

Question 2

How Capillary action occurs

Answer 2

Adhesion
Cohesion
Transpiration stream

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

Force of attraction between water and Xylem

Question 4

Cohesion

Answer 4

Force of attraction between H2O molecules help to pull molecules up narrow Xylem vessel

Question 5

Transpiration stream

Answer 5

Continuous column of water through plant

Question 6

capillary action

Answer 6

Combination of Adhesion and Cohesion forces allows water to flow in narrow spaces in opposition to gravitational forces
capillary action necessary for water to be transported up plant stems in a transpiration stream.

Question 7

Transpiration

Answer 7

loss of water vapour by evaporation from the surface of a plant, especially via stomata
When stomata open, continuous stream of H2O rises through the plant
Environmental factors affecting transpiration: light, Humidity, Wind, Temp.

Question 8

Translocation

Answer 8

transportation of photosynthesis products and some minerals
Active movement of soluble sugars through the phloem of vascular plants from a source to a sink.
can occur in any direction, depends on need of plant.
Sugars transported against concentration gradient into sieve cells.
Requires energy, energy comes from cellular respiration.

Question 9

non-vascular

Answer 9

No roots but have leaves

Question 10

vascular plants

Answer 10

Contain vascular tissue

Question 11

adaptation

Answer 11

Change in characteristics of an organism that makes it better able to survive its environment
physiological, process or function
Structural, physical

Question 12

plant adaptations in arid land

Answer 12

Stomata location
Thick waxy cuticle
lignen reinforced tissues
Altered root system
storing carbon for later
Leaf size
colour
Rhizone (root stalk)

Question 13

Shoot system

Answer 13

comprised of: leaves, stem, flowers, seeds
Responsible for: transportation of resources, absorption of O2 and CO2, reproduction and carrying out photosynthesis in leaves

Question 14

root system

Answer 14

Below ground
responsible for: absorption of H2O and nutrients from soil
H2O moves into roots through Osmosis
Nutrients in form of ions enter via diffusion of active transport

Question 15

Xylem

Answer 15

Responsible for transport of H2O along with minerals and nutrients needed for growth and other processes.
roots to leaves in one direction.
H2O absorbed through root system in root hairs
Tubular, elongated cells that allow water to pass freely
When xylem cells mature, they die, hollow cells supported by cell walls remain, suited for H2O transport, dead tissue forms woody part of stems

Question 16

Phloem

Answer 16

Transports sugars and other photosynthesis products from one part of a plant to where they are needed
Either direction
consists of conductive tissue composed of thin walled cells
Phloem is inner-most part of bark
Function: gases exchanged at stomata and plant surface, phloem distributes photosynthesis products to root and shoot system.
2 types: sieve tube cells, companion cells

Question 17

Sieve tube cells

Answer 17

long, thin
Large pores through cell walls at either end
no nuclei, mitochondria or vacuoles
Arranged end-to-end into sieve tubes
cells share cytoplasm, each sieve tube forms channel for sugars and other products to flow

Question 18

Companion cells

Answer 18

found alongside sieve tubes
Have nucleus, mitochondria and vacuoles
control activities of sieve tube cells

Question 19

stomata

Answer 19

Tiny openings in surface of a plant leaf through which gases can enter or exit.
found on underside of leaf
From intecellular spaces, gases diffuse into cells that require them
central pore opening surrounded by 2 guard cells

Question 20

Guard cell

Answer 20

pair of cells that open and close a stomata to control entry and exit of gases.
Change of water inside a pair of guard cells causes to change shape, open or close stomata

Question 21

turgid

Answer 21

When guard cells swell with water
rigid inner wall and non-rigid outer wall, bend and draw away cells from each other, opening stomata.

Question 22

Flaccid

Answer 22

shrink from lack of water
Closes stomata

Question 23

mesophyll cells

Answer 23

Have chloroplasts
site for photosynthesis
Type of cell found in middle of leaves, packed with chloroplasts and essential for photosynthesis

Question 24

pallisade cells

Answer 24

Elongated cell packed with chloroplasts