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yr.11 Biology > animal systems > Flashcards

animal systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transport system

A

must include ability to reach all cells

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2
Q

components of circulatory system

A

Fluid which materials are transported
system of interconnected blood vessels or spaces through out the body in which fluid moves
Muscular pump, usually heart, that pushes the fluid through the blood vessels or spaces

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

Fluid circulates freely in body cavity in which it bathes the cells.
fluid called haemolymph because blood mixed wt interstitial fluid
Contraction of one or more muscular hearts pumps haemolymph through open areas into spaces surrounding organs.
relaxation draws haemolymph back to pump from organs
Valves in pores close to prevent back flow of circulating fluid to ensure one-way flow
heart is tubular or sac-like

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4
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

central cavity with single opening that functions to transport and digest substances
Simple organisms have this
diffusion and gastrovascular cavity enough to provide substances needed

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

fluid flows through enclosed vessels
Fluid called blood
interstitial fluid outside enclosed vessels
One or more hearts hump blood into large vessels
smaller vessels are site for diffusion

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6
Q

Single circulatory system

A

contain one circuits
Found in sharks and bony fish
blood pumped to gills
Blood proceeds from gills straight to tissue
one pump, atrium and ventricle

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7
Q

Double circulatory system

A

2 circuits: pulmonary circuit, blood to lungs. Systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood around body and back to heart.
In mammals, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
in amphibians and reptiles, heart lacks septum therefore 2 atrium 1 ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated slightly mix.

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8
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

transportation of H20, O2, CO2.
Distribution of nutrients and removal of wastes
maintenance of body temp
Circulation of hormones

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9
Q

blood

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
considered connective tissue

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10
Q

RBC and O2 transport

A

RBC produced in bone marrow
Nucleus breaks down before release from bone into circulation, making them pliable and elastic to twist and flex when going through vessels, allows more space for O2

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11
Q

haemoglobin

A

Red pigment
allows to carry more O2

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12
Q

Blood and CO2 transport

A

CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, slow reaction, in RBC, enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up reaction.
Carbonic acid produced diffuses into plasma and carried to lungs, 70% carried in plasma as carbonic acid, 7% as CO2 in plasma, 23% attaches to haemoglobin.

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13
Q

Blood and CO2 transport (at lungs)

A

Carbonic acid turns to CO2 and H2O.
CO2 leaves internal environment of blood to external environment of the lungs where both CO2 and H2O are exhaled.

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14
Q

Heart

A

made of muscle
4 chambers, atria and ventricles

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15
Q

Systemic circulation

A

system of blood vessels that circulate blood to most of the body

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16
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

system of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs

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17
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

valve between atrium and ventricle

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18
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

between ventricle and pulmonary artery

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19
Q

Aortic valve

A

between aorta and ventricle

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Collect fluid that is pushed out of vessels due to high pressures and rejoins it to the circulatory system.

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21
Q

lymph vessels

A

Have valves
collect lymph

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22
Q

Gas exchange

A

diffusion of O2 from external to the internal environment and diffusion of carbon dioxide from internal to external environment

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23
Q

Surface for gas exchange needs to be

A

moist so gases can dissolve into water and diffuse from one side of the membrane to other
Be thin and permeable, so gas molecules can move across easily and quickly
have large surface area in relation to the volume of the organism, so as to adequately provide the gaseous requirements
Have a greater concentration of gas on one side of the membrane than the other, so that a concentration gradient is maintained
be highly vascularised

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24
Q

Spiracles

A

tracheal system
Opening at body surface leading to trachea
trachea branches into tracheoles, carrying air directly to cells for gas exchange

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25
Q

Gills

A

in aquatic animals
Must have water passing through them
dissolved O2 in water rapidly dissolved into bloodstream

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26
Q

Alveoli

A

Lungs in mammals
Gas exchange at surface of alveoli
Sac-like, air flows into them

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27
Q

skin

A

In amphibians
gas dissolves across cell membrane
Dense network of capillaries lies below skin

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28
Q

gas exchange in amphibians

A

Tadpole, use gills and skin
Adults, use simple lungs and skin, lungs not as good as mammals as diaphragm not as developed, must push air into lungs

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29
Q

Gas exchange in mammals

A

diaphragm contracts to expand the volume of thoracic cavity
Rate of breathing controlled mainly in response to CO2 in blood
inhalation, diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Exhalation, diaphragm and most intercostal muscles relax

30
Q

endothermic

A

Use heat energy generated by own metabolic reactions to maintain internal body temp

31
Q

gas exchange in fish

A

Gills rely on buoyancy of water, emmerses in water to expand surface area, thus exposes animal’s blood supply to oxygen drenched water.
gills rely on water flowing through it
Fish can force water out mouth through gills, bigger fish can’t therefore must maintain movement and swim with mouth open
Excess CO2 washed away by water

32
Q

operculum

A

Covering over gills
protects gills
Moves water into and out of opercular cavity

33
Q

gills

A

Composed of 2 layers of leaf-like filaments, which project from gill arch
upper and lower layer contain gill plates, greatly increasing surface area
Gill arch contains an artery bringing deoxygenated blood to gill
gill plates have capillaries

34
Q

fish out of water

A

Gills collapse as air doesn’t have same support as water
surface area decreases and gills lose moisture

35
Q

Concurrent flow

A

water flows in one direction, blood flows in opposite
Maximises gas exchange as concentration gradient maintained along whole structure

36
Q

alimentary canals

A

Specialised pathway food takes in complex animals

37
Q

mechanical digestion

A

Large pieces of food broken down into smaller pieces through chewing or muscular movement in stomach
increases surface area of food exposed to enzymes.

38
Q

Chemical digestion

A

when enzymes break down complex substances into their simplest forms

39
Q

Ingestion

A

acquisition of nutrients

40
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller compounds by mechanical and chemical means

41
Q

Absorption

A

the taking up of digested molecules into the internal environment of the cells of the digestive tract

42
Q

egestion

A

The removal of undigested waste food materials from the body

43
Q

gastrovascular

A

Only one opening
simple animals

44
Q

Alimentary canal

A

mout to anus
Passage: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

45
Q

ingestion (steps)

A

Starts at mouth
mechanical and chemical digestion
Molars grind food
tongue moves food
Amylase secreted from salivary glands, chemical breakdown of carbs into simpler carbohydrates

46
Q

digestion and secretion

A

Once ready for swallowing, food moves to back of mouth, tongue helps push it to oesophagus
epiglottis closes off trachea, preventing food from entering trachea
Some chemical digestion continues until reaches stomach

47
Q

Peristalsis

A

Unidirectional muscular contractions that enable food to move down oesophagus

48
Q

in stomach

A

Potential to stretch significantly
mechanical digestion: stomach churns food, allows enzymes easy access
Presence of food stimulates secretions of gastric juice from cells lining stomach wall
substance contains: mucus, water, hydrochloric acid, pepsin enzyme.

49
Q

Sphincter

A

regulate movement of food into and out of the stomach
When it contracts, openings close

50
Q

in small intestine

A

Peristalsis required from stomach to small intestine
sphincter at bottom of stomach controls how much is entering small intestine
Human adult: 7m long, surface are of 4500m squared

51
Q

duodenum

A

First part of small intestine
site of high levels of chemical digestion
Secretions from pancreas enter duodenum
secretions known as pancreatic juice, contain mixture of enzyme amylase, trypsin and lipase

52
Q

Bile

A

produced in liver
Passes down bile duct into duodenum
stored in gall bladder if no food present
Mechanical breakdown of fats, emulsifies fats into small droplets

53
Q

lipase

A

Enzyme produced by pancreas
chemically breakdown fat into fatty acids and glycerol

54
Q

Trypsin

A

enzyme produced by pancreas
breaks long-chain polypeptides, breaking them into shorter-chain peptides

55
Q

Erepsin

A

enzyme produced by pancreas
Breakdown shorter peptides into individual amino acids

56
Q

from duodenum

A

Food enters rest of small intestine
digestion of all food nutrients continues
Proteins: broken down into amino acids and absorbed into bloodstream
Carbohydrates: broken into simple sugars and absorbed into bloodstream

57
Q

Absorption (steps)

A

smaller products in that (external environment), transported across cell membrane into bloodstream (internal membrane)
What is absorbed: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol

58
Q

villi

A

Lining of small intestine
finger like projections
Increases surface area
rich in blood vessels
Glucose, amino acids absorbed into capillary network
fatty acids, glycerol enter lymphatic system

59
Q

egestion (steps)

A

Large intestine: colon and rectum
main function: compact undigested food material, absorb water and some salts back into body

60
Q

Colon

A

bacteria in colon act on undigested material producing vitamin A and K
Vitamins absorbed into lining of large intestine
peristalsis pushes material into rectum

61
Q

Rectum

A

storehouse of waste material
Waste eliminated from body through Anus

62
Q

faeces

A

Waste material

63
Q

specialisation of alimentary canal

A

Diet of animal affects which features are present

64
Q

Dentition

A

vertebrates
Teeth different for diets

65
Q

Herbivores

A

eat plants, harder to digest
Alimentary canal longer than carnivores

66
Q

cellulase

A

Enzyme to break down cellulose
produced by micro-organisms in gut, not alimentary canal

67
Q

Cow

A

enlarged stomach
Abomasum, true stomach
ground materials grounded by molars and transported to reticulum, forms a ball of cud, which is regurgitated and chewed again.
When cud swallowed, passes into rumen, largest chamber, cud mixes wt cellulose digesting bacteria and saliva.

68
Q

rumen

A

Fermentation chamber
Cellulose chemically digested, releases CO2 and Methane
contents of rumen empty out into duodenum via omasum

69
Q

Omasum

A

soluble products of digestion are absorbed by omasum

70
Q

Carnivores

A

protein easy to digest therefore shorter alimentary canal and no enzymes in saliva

71
Q

Omnivores

A

eat plant and animal matter
Lack specialised structures of herbivores and carnivores
have simple stomachs
Intestine larger then carnivores

72
Q

animals without digestive system

A

Microscopic and simple animals
have high surface area to volume ratio
Size of cell membrane sufficient to service total volume of cytoplasm
relies on diffusion
All functions take place inside boundary of cell membrane

yr.11 Biology (8 decks)

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