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Science/Hass > Yr 9 - Geology > Flashcards

Yr 9 - Geology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the crust? And what does it consist of?

A

The Earth’s crust is the outermost layer of the planet, composed primarily of solid rock materials such as granite, basalt, and sedimentary rocks.

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2
Q

What is the mantle? And what does it consist of?

A

The mantle is the layer of the Earth beneath the crust, composed mostly of solid rock but also partially molten, and predominantly made up of silicate minerals

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3
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock beneath the earth’s surface

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4
Q

What is the core? And what does it consist of?

A

The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, consisting primarily of iron and nickel in a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

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5
Q

What are tectonic plates? And what does it consist of?

A

sections into which the earth’s crust is broken

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6
Q

What is the lithosphere and what does it consist of?

A

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, primarily composed of solid rock materials.

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7
Q

How many types of crust is there on Earth? What are they called?

A

2 - Oceanic and Continental Crust

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8
Q

What is magma? And what does it consist of?

A

Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth’s surface. It consists of a liquid base or minerals and gases

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9
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface, while lava is magma that reaches the surface

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10
Q

What are some properties of the oceanic crust

A
  • Most dense, contains more heavy elements (Fe & Mg)
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11
Q

What are some properties of continental crust?

A
  • Less dense, contains light elements like silicon
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12
Q

What are the 3 different interactions of plates

A

Transform, converge and diverge

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13
Q

What is diverging?

A

When plates move apart and away from each other

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14
Q

What is converging?

A

When plates interact together and move towards each other

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15
Q

What is transform?

A

Where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. Sudden slips can cause earthquakes.

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16
Q

Which is heavier, oceanic or continental plate?

A

Oceanic plate tends to be the heavier and more dense plate

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17
Q

What are some effects and landforms of diverging

A

diverging boundaries can cause a ridge, seafloor spreading and a valley, volcaones,

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18
Q

What are some effects and landforms from converging?

A

Fold mountains, trenches, volcanoes

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19
Q

What is the effect of oceanic and continental converging

A

results in Fold mountains, trenches and volcanoes

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20
Q

What is the effect of oceanic and oceanic plate converging?

A

results in Deep trenches and underwater volcanic activity

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21
Q

What is the effect of continental and continental converging?

A

results in very highly elevated fold mountain ranges

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22
Q

What is the effect of a transforming boundary?

A

results in fault lines (cracks) and mountains as well as earthquake

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23
Q

What is an example of a diverging boundary?

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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24
Q

What is an example of a oceanic and continental converging?

A

Andes mountains

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25
Q

What is an example of a oceanic and oceanic converging?

A

Mariana trench and islands (Hawaiian)

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26
Q

What is an example of a continental and continental converging?

A

Himalayas

27
Q

Examples of a transformation boundary

A

New Zealand and San Andreas Fault

28
Q

What is the theory of continental drift?

A

The continents move slowly over Earth’s surface/Where continents were once together, but drifted away

29
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

30
Q

What was some evidence that supported Wegener’s proposal?

A

Continents fit together (SA & Africa), organisms were scattered around the world & fossils on borders, glacial scratches on rocks aligned across continents, matching rocks and magnetic striping.

31
Q

What is the theory of seafloor spreading?

A

The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges, gradually pushing older crust away from the ridge crest and contributing to the movement of tectonic plates

32
Q

Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading?

A

Harry Hess

33
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Earth called?

A

Crust, Mantle, and outer and inner core

34
Q

Why does the crust float on top of the mantle/magma?

A

The Earth’s crust floats on top of magma because it is less dense than the molten rock beneath it.

35
Q

what is the diff between the theory of tectonics and continental drift?

A

plate tectonics encompasses the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates due to convection currents as well as ridge pull and slab push in the mantle, whereas continental drift specifically focused on the historical movement of continents over geological time scales.

36
Q

What are the evidence to prove continental drift?

A

fit of contientants, same plates, fossils, rocks else where. change of climate

37
Q

how does the continents fitting prove continental drift?

A

as it shows all the contientants use to fit into pangea and later slowly drifted apart

38
Q

how does distribution of fossils prove continental drift

A

as you can find the same fossils on other contintants with the same age

39
Q

how does the distribution of rocks and mountains prove continental drift

A

as you can find the same types of rocks on other continates

40
Q

how does the distribution of climate and glaciation prove continental drift

A

as when contentant used to be a diff climate but changed and left signs what it use to be

41
Q

metamorphism

A

rocks change complatly form heat and preasure

42
Q

what evidence that proves that tectonics plates still in motion

A

earthquakes, active volcanic activity, heat at the plate boundaries, volcanic island

43
Q

how do active volcanoes prove tectonic plates are still in motion

A

as active volcanoes are triggered by plate movement

44
Q

why are earthquakes evidence that tectonic plates are still in motion

A

are a sign of tectonic plates are still at motion as when plates move plates move past each or collide they can make pressure and tension. this causes the earth crust to frueture

45
Q

how is heat at the boundaries evidence that tectonic plates are still in motion

A

movement and coolisum at the plate boundaries generates friction which casues the rocks to heat up and melt the magma that is created can lead to volcanic eruption and also the changing of rocks and types of rock at the plate boundrys can provide evidance that tectonic plates are still moving

46
Q

name 10-17 major tectonic plates

A

Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and the South American Plate

47
Q

what was pangea

A

pangea is a supercontent with all the contents as big land mass about 225 million years ago

48
Q

what happened to pangea 200 million years ago

A

pangea further broke up onto laursia and gandwana witch created tethys sea

49
Q

what happen to laurasia and gondwana 135 million years ago

A

gandwana break up. the south altantic ocean formed between africa and south america

49
Q

what happened to the continents 95 million years ago

A

australia broke of antarctia

49
Q

how far do tectonic plats move in a year

A

8cm ( as fast as our nails growing)

49
Q

explain what would happen if some of the molten rock rises up through the continental crust under extreme temperature and pressure

A

creates a volcano

49
Q

explain how volcanoes are formed

A

plates that is forced deeper and deeper into the earth will melt and from magma. this magma rises upwards the earth surface and build up in magma chanlers where it creates a volcanoes

49
Q

what plate movement would trigger a tsunami

A

it is not likly to trigger a tsunmai as there is not enough upward movement to displace the wate, but if so, likely to be the movement of transform

50
Q

what is subduction

A

A geologic process in which one edge of one lithospheric plate is forced below the edge of another.

50
Q

identify witch landmasses were part of laurasia

A

north amrica europe greanland asia

51
Q

describe the two differences between continental and oceanic crust

A

oceanic crust is thiner and dencer and continental crust is thick and less denser

51
Q

identify witch land masses were part of gondwana

A

south amrica africa india madagascar

52
Q

outline how hotspot volcanoes can occur in the middle of a tectonic plate

A

as there is a hot spot with magma that builds preusure and bursts out creating a volcaions

53
Q

explain ridge push

A

newly formed plates at oceanic ridge are warm, and so have a sit higher than the colder denser plate material further away. gravity cause the higher plate at the ridge to push downwards and outwards. is like see floor spreading

54
Q

what do scientist use to map the ocean floor

A

Echo sounding

54
Q

explain slab pull

A

when the older, colder plate sinks at the subduction zone, because as they cool, as it becomes denser than the underlying mantle. the cooler sinking plate the rest of the warmer plate along behind it.

55
Q

what is a convection current

A

A convection current is the movement of fluid caused by temperature variations, where warmer fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks, creating a circular flow pattern. witch causes the plate plate to move ( in small distances)

Science/Hass (10 decks)

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