Yr 9 - Geology

Question 1

What is the crust? And what does it consist of?

Answer 1

The Earth’s crust is the outermost layer of the planet, composed primarily of solid rock materials such as granite, basalt, and sedimentary rocks.

Question 2

What is the mantle? And what does it consist of?

Answer 2

The mantle is the layer of the Earth beneath the crust, composed mostly of solid rock but also partially molten, and predominantly made up of silicate minerals

Question 3

What is magma?

Answer 3

Molten rock beneath the earth’s surface

Question 4

What is the core? And what does it consist of?

Answer 4

The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, consisting primarily of iron and nickel in a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

Question 5

What are tectonic plates? And what does it consist of?

Answer 5

sections into which the earth’s crust is broken

Question 6

What is the lithosphere and what does it consist of?

Answer 6

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, primarily composed of solid rock materials.

Question 7

How many types of crust is there on Earth? What are they called?

Answer 7

2 - Oceanic and Continental Crust

Question 8

What is magma? And what does it consist of?

Answer 8

Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth’s surface. It consists of a liquid base or minerals and gases

Question 9

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Answer 9

Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface, while lava is magma that reaches the surface

Question 10

What are some properties of the oceanic crust

Answer 10

• Most dense, contains more heavy elements (Fe & Mg)

Question 11

What are some properties of continental crust?

Answer 11

• Less dense, contains light elements like silicon

Question 12

What are the 3 different interactions of plates

Answer 12

Transform, converge and diverge

Question 13

What is diverging?

Answer 13

When plates move apart and away from each other

Question 14

What is converging?

Answer 14

When plates interact together and move towards each other

Question 15

What is transform?

Answer 15

Where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. Sudden slips can cause earthquakes.

Question 16

Which is heavier, oceanic or continental plate?

Answer 16

Oceanic plate tends to be the heavier and more dense plate

Question 17

What are some effects and landforms of diverging

Answer 17

diverging boundaries can cause a ridge, seafloor spreading and a valley, volcaones,

Question 18

What are some effects and landforms from converging?

Answer 18

Fold mountains, trenches, volcanoes

Question 19

What is the effect of oceanic and continental converging

Answer 19

results in Fold mountains, trenches and volcanoes

Question 20

What is the effect of oceanic and oceanic plate converging?

Answer 20

results in Deep trenches and underwater volcanic activity

Question 21

What is the effect of continental and continental converging?

Answer 21

results in very highly elevated fold mountain ranges

Question 22

What is the effect of a transforming boundary?

Answer 22

results in fault lines (cracks) and mountains as well as earthquake

Question 23

What is an example of a diverging boundary?

Answer 23

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Question 24

What is an example of a oceanic and continental converging?

Answer 24

Andes mountains

Question 25

What is an example of a oceanic and oceanic converging?

Answer 25

Mariana trench and islands (Hawaiian)

Question 26

What is an example of a continental and continental converging?

Answer 26

Himalayas

Question 27

Examples of a transformation boundary

Answer 27

New Zealand and San Andreas Fault

Question 28

What is the theory of continental drift?

Answer 28

The continents move slowly over Earth's surface/Where continents were once together, but drifted away

Question 29

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

Answer 29

Alfred Wegener

Question 30

What was some evidence that supported Wegener's proposal?

Answer 30

Continents fit together (SA & Africa), organisms were scattered around the world & fossils on borders, glacial scratches on rocks aligned across continents, matching rocks and magnetic striping.

Question 31

What is the theory of seafloor spreading?

Answer 31

The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges, gradually pushing older crust away from the ridge crest and contributing to the movement of tectonic plates

Question 32

Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading?

Answer 32

Harry Hess

Question 33

What are the 4 layers of the Earth called?

Answer 33

Crust, Mantle, and outer and inner core

Question 34

Why does the crust float on top of the mantle/magma?

Answer 34

The Earth's crust floats on top of magma because it is less dense than the molten rock beneath it.

Question 35

what is the diff between the theory of tectonics and continental drift?

Answer 35

plate tectonics encompasses the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates due to convection currents as well as ridge pull and slab push in the mantle, whereas continental drift specifically focused on the historical movement of continents over geological time scales.

Question 36

What are the evidence to prove continental drift?

Answer 36

fit of contientants, same plates, fossils, rocks else where. change of climate

Question 37

how does the continents fitting prove continental drift?

Answer 37

as it shows all the contientants use to fit into pangea and later slowly drifted apart

Question 38

how does distribution of fossils prove continental drift

Answer 38

as you can find the same fossils on other contintants with the same age

Question 39

how does the distribution of rocks and mountains prove continental drift

Answer 39

as you can find the same types of rocks on other continates

Question 40

how does the distribution of climate and glaciation prove continental drift

Answer 40

as when contentant used to be a diff climate but changed and left signs what it use to be

Question 41

metamorphism

Answer 41

rocks change complatly form heat and preasure

Question 42

what evidence that proves that tectonics plates still in motion

Answer 42

earthquakes, active volcanic activity, heat at the plate boundaries, volcanic island

Question 43

how do active volcanoes prove tectonic plates are still in motion

Answer 43

as active volcanoes are triggered by plate movement

Question 44

why are earthquakes evidence that tectonic plates are still in motion

Answer 44

are a sign of tectonic plates are still at motion as when plates move plates move past each or collide they can make pressure and tension. this causes the earth crust to frueture

Question 45

how is heat at the boundaries evidence that tectonic plates are still in motion

Answer 45

movement and coolisum at the plate boundaries generates friction which casues the rocks to heat up and melt the magma that is created can lead to volcanic eruption and also the changing of rocks and types of rock at the plate boundrys can provide evidance that tectonic plates are still moving

Question 46

name 10-17 major tectonic plates

Answer 46

Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and the South American Plate

Question 47

what was pangea

Answer 47

pangea is a supercontent with all the contents as big land mass about 225 million years ago

Question 48

what happened to pangea 200 million years ago

Answer 48

pangea further broke up onto laursia and gandwana witch created tethys sea

Question 49

what happen to laurasia and gondwana 135 million years ago

Answer 49

gandwana break up. the south altantic ocean formed between africa and south america

Question 49

what happened to the continents 95 million years ago

Answer 49

australia broke of antarctia

Question 49

how far do tectonic plats move in a year

Answer 49

8cm ( as fast as our nails growing)

Question 49

explain what would happen if some of the molten rock rises up through the continental crust under extreme temperature and pressure

Answer 49

creates a volcano

Question 49

explain how volcanoes are formed

Answer 49

plates that is forced deeper and deeper into the earth will melt and from magma. this magma rises upwards the earth surface and build up in magma chanlers where it creates a volcanoes

Question 49

what plate movement would trigger a tsunami

Answer 49

it is not likly to trigger a tsunmai as there is not enough upward movement to displace the wate, but if so, likely to be the movement of transform

Question 50

what is subduction

Answer 50

A geologic process in which one edge of one lithospheric plate is forced below the edge of another.

Question 50

identify witch landmasses were part of laurasia

Answer 50

north amrica europe greanland asia

Question 51

describe the two differences between continental and oceanic crust

Answer 51

oceanic crust is thiner and dencer and continental crust is thick and less denser

Question 51

identify witch land masses were part of gondwana

Answer 51

south amrica africa india madagascar

Question 52

outline how hotspot volcanoes can occur in the middle of a tectonic plate

Answer 52

as there is a hot spot with magma that builds preusure and bursts out creating a volcaions

Question 53

explain ridge push

Answer 53

newly formed plates at oceanic ridge are warm, and so have a sit higher than the colder denser plate material further away. gravity cause the higher plate at the ridge to push downwards and outwards. is like see floor spreading

Question 54

what do scientist use to map the ocean floor

Answer 54

Echo sounding

Question 54

explain slab pull

Answer 54

when the older, colder plate sinks at the subduction zone, because as they cool, as it becomes denser than the underlying mantle. the cooler sinking plate the rest of the warmer plate along behind it.

Question 55

what is a convection current

Answer 55

A convection current is the movement of fluid caused by temperature variations, where warmer fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks, creating a circular flow pattern. witch causes the plate plate to move ( in small distances)