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Youth subcultures Flashcards

1
Q

What is youth?

A

Varies between cultures
Stage between childhood & adulthood

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2
Q

What sociologist discusses ‘disappearance of childhood’?

A

Postman

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3
Q

What features distinguish youth?

A

Education>work
Lack of responsibilities
Importance of peer group

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4
Q

Give examples of spectacular subcultures and the Birmingham research that studied it

A

Teddy boys, mods, rockers, punks
The CCCS

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5
Q

What does Parsons say about youth?

A

Rite of passage
Transitional/integration
Stressful time, leaving family’s’ security
Breaking ties
Part time jobs, spending time away
Responsibility/money management

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6
Q

How has capitalism effected youth?

A

Divided roles of the family
Youth now required training, education & socialisation

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7
Q

What does Eisenstadt say about youth?

A

Brings people into society
Feelings of stress/anomie
Safe outlet for tensions & frustrations
Normal/essential
Testing boundaries

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8
Q

Evaluate functionalism view of youth

A

Do not take into account individual differences
Social class, race & gender not considered
Evidence from white, middle-class American males

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9
Q

What does Gramsci mean by hegemony?

A

Ruling class hold social authority/dominance over subordinate classes

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10
Q

What do marxists say about youth?

A

CCCs sociologists focus on economic situation
Explained difference’s in subcultures by economic situation
WC youths face the same challenges as their whole class, despite looking different
WC youth style understood by class position

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11
Q

Name social issues faced by WC youths in the time of the CCCS

A

Unemployment
Inner-city decay
Racial tensions
Strikes

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12
Q

Evaluate marxist view of youth

A

Meaning used don’t actually exist
Fashion & behaviours don’t actually have meaning, just for fun

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13
Q

Evaluate the CCCS

A

Ignored MC subcultures (Brake- hippies)
Picked subcultures to fit analysis
Majority of youth don’t belong to a subculture
Dated

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14
Q

What do McRobbie & Garber say about girls in the CCCS?

A

Not present, presented as ‘passive girlfriends’, commenting only on attractiveness
Important to study in their own right

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15
Q

What did feminists say the reason for absence of girls in youth studies was?

A

Lack of rapport
Researchers mostly male
Girls seen as uninteresting

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16
Q

What do postmodernists say about feminist view on youth subcultures?

A

Gender not as significant
No current subcultures have gender distinctions

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17
Q

What are the 4 theories discussed in postmodernist theory on youth subcultures?

A

Subcultural capital
Neo-tribes
Supermarket of style
Club cultures

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18
Q

Who are the 5 postmodernists who discuss youth?
(T.. R.. M.. B.. P..)

A

Thornton
Redhead
Maffesoli
Bennett
Polhemus

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19
Q

What does Thornton say about club cultures?

A

Multiple cultures in dance/rave
Definers of club cultures is music taste/dance style

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20
Q

Define subcultural capital relating to social class

A

Youths knowing what is ‘in’ and popular.
Clubbers can gain status from ‘mainstream’ followers

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21
Q

What does postmodernist Polhemus discuss in youth subcultures

A

Supermarket of style
Choices mean youths can create identities based on fashion, lifestyle, culture & music
Commitment to style is less common

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22
Q

What does postmodernist Redhead say about the changes in club cultures?

A

Media can create/form subcultures different to the 1980s

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23
Q

What does Maffesoli & Bennett say about neo-tribes?

A

Neo-tribe defined as no commitment, flexible grouping.
Group identities no longer formed
People ‘filt’ and dabble in different aspects

Supports through research on nightclubs. He found no fixed gender, ethnicity etc. Clubs are multidimensional

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24
Q

Evaluate the postmodernist view on youth

A

Little evidence for neo-tribes- maybe youths want to just have a laugh with friends
Club cultures & neo-tribes said to be artificial and media driven

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25
What sociologists discuss subcultures & social class?
Hebdige Brake
26
Define Hebdige's term 'bricolage'
Punks using ordinary items as clothing and piercings in extreme ways
27
What does the CCCS state about how social class leads to formation of subcultures?
Deprivation & frustration lead to subcultures forming Resistance to capitalism
28
How did punks emerge according to the CCCS?
Resistance against mainstream Attracted unemployed WC Involved political elements like the Sex Pistols
29
What does Brake say about magical solutions?
Saw subcultures as magical, not practical Collective identity gave illusion that they were fighting back but would eventually conform
30
Define Hebdige's term 'incorporation'
Incorporating subversive styles into mainstream so they lose distinctiveness
31
What does Thornton say about social class ?
All social class youths enjoy disposable income because they're exempt from financial commitments
32
What does Thornton say about gender?
Girls have less disposable income, married earlier & earning less so lack subcultural capital Girls more interested in school Boys interested in going out, music
33
What does Thornton say about trends being 'feminised' & what example does she give?
When something turns from hip to mainstream it becomes feminised Techno traceys Females characterised as less important
34
What do McRobbie & Garber say about gender?
Girls now critique magazines rather than passively accepting them Magazines focus on self-confident sexuality Girls more active in consumer culture
35
How did McRobbie & Garber relate gender to ethnicity?
Ragga girls Ridicule male sexism by dancing in a sexually explicit way to reclaim sexuality
36
Who discusses girls becoming more active in spectacular subcultures?
Reddington Punks provided outlet for girls appalled by marriage and college Although not taken seriously ('punkettes)
37
What does Bennett say about changing roles for females in subcutures?
Neo tribes less gendered so girls can create own identities
38
How has female roles changed in subcultures?
Rise of sk8er girls in Canada, riot grrrls in the US and all female-punk bands
39
What does Holland's Newcastle nightclub study say about changing female roles?
Nightclub and pub 'binge-drinking' scene has equal amounts men and women. 'Bedroom culture' a thing of the past
40
How can ethnicity related subcultures be hybrid?
Subcultures formation seen by a range of responses to black immigration in the UK Mods imitating cool West Indian styles vs the skinheads known for racism
41
What are the 2 ethnic cultures discussed in ethnicity and subcultures? Describe these
Rastafarian: influenced by Bob Marley, red, gold and green colours, smoking marijuana to reach a high level of spirituality, resistance to slavery, political and spiritual movement, attracted Caribbean migrants to the UK Brasians: mix of British and Asian culture. Bhangra music often mixed with pop, like mainstream singer M.I.A. Young Asians don't accept their subordinate place in society and adopt a 'hyper-ethnic style' (exaggerated form of parents culture). Code-switching happens when traditional factors not selected like arranged marriage
42
What is the difference between resistance and hybridity
Rastafarianism seen as resistance Brasians seen more of hybridity but seen as resistance also due to holding onto traditional culture
43
What does Mercer say about resistance vs hybridity?
Discussed black hairstyles, when styled not-within black culture it looses symbolism. When straightened, seen as resistance. Not seen as hybridity according to Mercer
44
What are 2 examples of hybrid subcultures? Describe these
White wannabes: (Nayak) wc males adopting black culture (gangsta rap/wearing bling), like Ali G Modern primitives: (Vale & Juno) loose membership (body modifications, tattoos and piercings). Sociologists said these mods is a reaction to powerlessness
45
What is the issue with hybrid subcultures, discussed by Hutnyk?
Appropriation vs exchange For example- (appropriation), tattoos, piercings and Chinese letter tattoos and dreadlocks seen as disrespectful Hutnyk says exchange should be a 2-way process which isn't reality
46
What are the 5 types of subcultures?
Delinquent subcultures Criminal subcultures Gangs Spectacular subcultures Anti-school subcultures
47
Discuss the 6 types of subcultures
Delinquent: old-fashioned term. Anti-social but not always criminal Criminal: actively involved in criminal activity Gangs: term used by media & police. Key element of violence Spectacular: used in 50s & 60s by CCCS. Flamboyant, recognisable styles Anti-school: reject n&v's of school, doing well is 'negative', value trouble-making & disruption Anti-education: reject education not value of academic success
48
How are new subcultures emerging?
Though internet & online communities, anonymity is possible so deviance shared. For example 'lad sites like LAD bible, fan-based communities (Lady Gaga's 'little monsters') or self-expression based
49
What are the patterns and trends for social class and youth deviance and how can this be debated?
Wc more likely to be involved, most disadvantaged families Debated if they actually commit more or are just more visible. Mc's are 'hidden'
50
What did Jacobson et al and the Cambridge study find about social class and youth deviance?
Jacobson: out of 200 sampled children, similarities found 3/4 absent fathers, 1/2 in deprived household, attempted to runaway or excluded from school, 1/4 witnessed domestic violence, experience in local authority care Cambridge study: 400 male youths, found common socio-economic deprivation key
51
What are the patterns and trends for gender and youth deviance and how can this be debated?
Overwhelmingly male, females tending to commit more serious crimes at lower rate. Males 20% of all crime & females 4% (2010). But, peak crime ages 15 for females, 18 for males. After teenage years, females stop, males continue. Female prison % increased by 150% over 10yrs
52
What are the patterns and trends for ethnicity and youth deviance and how can this be debated?
Committed most by British males. Disproportinate number by African-Caribbean youths: 21% in custody, population only 3%. 7x more likely to be stop & searched (2010), 3x more likely to be arrested. Asian crime increased, disproportionate no. of stop & searches
53
What do Lea & Young say is an issue with OF and ethnicity?
Statistics don't consider that consider crime takes place within ethnic communities (against black males- racially motivated crime)
54
Who are the 4 main functionalist sociologist who explain deviant subcultures?
Miller- focal concerns Cloward & Ohlin- blocked opportunities Merton- strain theory Cohen- status frustration
55
What is strain theory & who discusses it?
Merton: strain between societal values and realistically what they can achieve, leading to deviance
56
What are blocked opportunities & who discusses them?
Cloward & Ohlin: unable to achieve mainstream values legitimately, so turn to illegitimate means through one of the 3 identified criminal subcultures (conflict, retreatist & criminal)
57
What are focal concerns & who discusses them?
Miller: aware of mainstream values but do not try and gain it. the wc have a different set of values (fc's)
58
What is status frustration & who discusses it?
Cohen: wc aware of mainstream values but see themselves as inferior. Instead they start to value delinquent values to gain status
59
How can functionalist explanations of deviant subcultures be evaluated?
Generalising of wc youths Also functionalist arguments conflict with each other
60
What does Murray say about deviant subcultures? (Lone-parent families)
Says underclass havent recieved appropriate socialisation, different n & v's, dependency culture. Condemns single mothers, says lone-parent family is the most damaging. Girls become emotionally unstable, getting pregnant early, seeking father figure. Boys lack impulse control, sexual predators, can't hold down a job
61
What is the Marxist view on deviant subcultures?
Seen as resistance to societies control
62
What do left realists/neo-Marxists Lea & Young say are the explanations of deviance?
1. Relative deprivation: feelings increase when people compare themselves to others, like youths and adults. 2. Marginalisation: when pushed to the edges of society & excluded, it causes frustrations & powerlessness 3. Subculture: as a result of 1 & 2, sc's allow expression of shared frustration
63
How can Marxist explanations of youth subcultures be evaluated? (CCCS)
CCCs ignored gender & generalised youths, views are outdated
64
Who are the 2 main interactionists who discuss deviant subcultures?
Becker & Cicourel
65
Who are the 2 main interactionists who discuss deviant subcultures?
Becker & Cicourel
66
Explain self-fullfilling prophecy
Becker: people have the position in society to make label stick, like the police. On young people, they can increase stop & searches in youths, leading to S-F prophecy. Youths accept & internalise behaviour
67
Discuss Cicourels' US observation of delinquents
3 stages of dealing with potential deviants: 1. stop & search based on unusual behaviour 2. arrest based on manner & responses 3. officer at station compares to 'typical criminal' Linked to social class & presence of youth's family
68
How can interactionist explanations of deviant subcultures be evaluated?
Doesn't explain why youths commit crim in the first place Suggests the label comes first

Sociology (7 decks)

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