Youth Sport

Question 1

reasons for participation

Answer 1

• fun
• demonstrate competence
• improve skills
• fitness/exercise
• friendship/affiliation
• competition

Question 2

reasons for dropout

Answer 2

• other activities (drinking)
• pressure
• dislike coach
• failure/not competent
• not fun
• over-emphasis on winning

Question 3

objectives of youth sport

Answer 3

• important for learning motor skills
• enhance physical/mental health
• psychological development-cognitive, moral, and emotional life skills

Question 4

Positive/negative outcomes of youth sport-physical health

Answer 4

-weight control
-decreased risk of diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis
-cardiovascular health and fitness
Negative=overuse injuries and eating disorders

Question 5

Positive/negative outcomes of youth sport-psychological development

Answer 5

POSITIVE
-increased self-esteem
-decreased stress
-increased happiness/life satisfaction
-fun experiences
-challenging experiences
NEGATIVE
-decreased self perceptions (from not being competent/being chosen last)
-excessive pressure
-burnout (depersonalization and exhaustion)

Question 6

Positive and Negative outcomes-social development

Answer 6

POSITIVE
-increased academic performance (weak relationship)
-decreased school dropout
-social status/mobility
-decreased delinquent behavior
-peer relationships
NEGATIVE
-aggression (hockey)
-decreased moral reasoning

Question 7

Social Learning Approach

Answer 7

moral behavior is learned through

• modelling (learning by observing how others are rewarded/punished)
• reinforcement (reward/punishment)
• social comparison-behavior through an effort to fit in with peers

Question 8

structural-development theory

Answer 8

focus on how the environment and psychological development influence moral behavior

• moral reasoning-decision process: 1. interpret situation as one that requires moral reasoning 2. weigh options and decide 3. make choice to act morally 4. implement choice
• moral development-people developing the capacity for moral reasoning
• moral behavior-carrying out the right or wrong behavior

Question 9

Social-Psychological Approach

Answer 9

-person factors (moral development) and environmental factors (social learning, and aspects like coach and competition level, agents) influences moral behavior

Question 10

factors influencing moral behavior

Answer 10

1. sport environment (coach)
2. motivational climate (mastery vs. performance)
3. team norms (standards influencing behavior)
4. goal orientation (task vs. ego)

Question 11

strategies for enhancing moral development

Answer 11

1. define sportsmanship
2. reinforce sportsperson like behaviors
3. model appropriate behaviors
4. explain why behaviors are inappropriate
5. discuss moral dilemmas
6. task-oriented motivational climate
7. give participants moral decision making power

Question 12

5 C’s of positive youth development

Answer 12

1. competence
2. character
3. connection (social readiness)
4. confidence
5. caring

Question 13

early specialization considerations

Answer 13

(lots of deliberate practice)

1. overtraining
2. harmful emotional/psychological development
3. disappointment/discouragement
4. may be effective in producing elite performers

Question 14

Developmental Model of Sport Participation

Answer 14

trajectory 1-recreational participation through sampling
2-elite performance through sampling-age 6-12 recreational, 12-15 specialization years (few sports, and 16+ investment years-1 sport
3-elite through early specialization-skip sampling years, high levels of deliberate practice

Question 15

coaching strategies for young athletes

Answer 15

• sincere praise
• reward effort
• focus on teaching and skill development
• have realistic expectations
• create positive environment
• be enthusiastic

Question 16

role of parents (pos and neg)

Answer 16

POSITIVE-parents’ participation, encouragement, discipline, provide a fair play role model, task goal orientation
NEGATIVE-sideline coaching, encourage cheating, fighting with other parents, outcome based love/attention, saying negative things to opposing players