Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

the internal and/or external forces that produce the initiation, intensity, and persistence of behavior

Question 2

Participant-centered approach

Situation-centered approach

Answer 2

• motivation is a function of relatively stable individual personal characteristics
• motivation is determined primarily by situational factors

Question 3

interactionalist approach

Answer 3

motivation arises from the interaction of participant and situational factors

Question 4

Behavioral approach to changing behavior

Answer 4

• environmental contingencies and conditioning
  1. operant conditioning: where behavior is the product of its consequences (reward/punishment/avoidance of aversive stimuli
  2. vicarious conditioning: where behavior is learned through observed punishment or reward

Question 5

Cognitive approach to changing behavior

Answer 5

• takes into account differences in appraisal
• identifying dysfunctional thoughts and learning to think differently leads to feeling and behaving differently
• automatic thought processes (assuming too much responsibility, thinking you are alone in your problem), core beliefs, and cognitive errors can be altered

Question 6

Cognitive approach A-E model

Answer 6

A-activating event (missed shot)
B-belief system (now i'm a loser)
C-consequences (neg emotion)
D-dispute beliefs
E-reappraise event

Question 7

Cognitive-Behavioral approach to changing behavior

Answer 7

• thoughts can lead to behaviors and vice versa
• built in rewards and social reinforcement
• more individualized reward systems

Question 8

Social Cognitive theory

Answer 8

person’s efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies influence behavior

Question 9

Self-efficacy beliefs

Answer 9

belief in one’s capabilities to organize/execute the actions required to produce given levels of attainment
influence by perceived abilities and situational demands

Question 10

Self-efficacy influences

Answer 10

• performance accomplishments
• vicarious experience (might reduce worry/enhance confidence)
• verbal persuasion
• somatic/emotional stress

Question 11

role of goals

Answer 11

• self-efficacy and outcome expectancies influence goals
• high self-efficacy affects goals
• goals directly affect behavior and outcomes

Question 12

achievement goal theory

Answer 12

depends of developmental and situational factors
-emphasizing winning and competition evokes ego state
-emphasizing mastery and effort evokes task state
motivation influence by: perceptions of ability, motivational climate, and disposition goal orientations

Question 13

disposition goal orientations

Answer 13

• task goal/mastery: self-reference goals based on learning/mastery
• ego goal/outcome: set norm-referenced goals focused on outperforming others or performing equally with less effort (goal is approval from others)

Question 14

concept of ability

Answer 14

• undifferentiated concept of ability=an inability to or a choice not to differentiate between ability and effort. (hard work=ability)
• differentiated=the opposite (children can at age 12-13)

Question 15

motivational climate

Answer 15

athlete’s perception of goals promoted by coaches/others

• mastery based
• performance based

Question 16

self-determination theory

Answer 16

• examines how psychological needs drive motivation (emphasis on the self)
• composed of cognitive evaluation theory, organizing integration theory, basic needs theory, and causality orientations theory

Question 17

Psychological needs (SDT)

Answer 17

-autonomy-need for choice and control of one’s behavior
-competence-need to feel effective at achieving
-relatedness-need to connect with others
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Question 18

extrinsic motivation

Answer 18

• not self-determined

- behaviors are controlled by constraints or rewards

Question 19

Types of external regulation

Answer 19

• introjected regulation=internalisation but not acceptance of a value (“i have to, i ought to)
• identified regulation=behavior is valued and done out of choice but still for extrinsic reasons (exercising: appearance, fitness, etc)
• integrated regulation=when activity is personally important and becomes part of one’s sense of self

Question 20

intrinsic motivation

Answer 20

• self-determined
• motivation by task that demonstrate competency and individuals can control and enjoy
• accomplishment, knowledge, stimulation

Question 21

cognitive evaluation theory and rewards

Answer 21

• critical factor is interpretation of reward
• controlling aspect (undermines autonomy need)
• informational (related to need for competence)

Question 22

Controlling coaching behaviors

Answer 22

• tangible rewards
• controlling feedback (anger)
• excessive personal control
• intimidation
• promoting ego-involvement
• conditional self-regard (guilt)