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12E: Wars of the Roses, 1450-1471 > York’s period of ascendance, 1454-1456 > Flashcards

York’s period of ascendance, 1454-1456 Flashcards

1
Q

Which heir to the Mortimer claim resented being kept out of the King’s inner circle between 1451 and 1453?

A

Richard of York

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2
Q

Which noble family, alienated by a feud with Somerset and hostile to his Percy allies had become strong Yorkists by the end of 1453?

A

Nevilles

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3
Q

Who descended into madness in early August 1453 and was completely unresponsive?

A

Henry VI

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4
Q

Who unsuccessfully attempted to claim the regency on behalf of her new-born son in February 1454?

A

Queen Margaret

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5
Q

Who was the violent Duke of Exeter that allied with Lord Egremont to undermine York’s rule in May 1454?

A

Henry Holland

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6
Q

Who was Thomas Percy, the younger son of the Earl of Northumberland, who allied with Exeter against York in 1454?

A

Lord Egremont

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7
Q

What was the sole English possession in France by 1453, it had a highly trained garrison?

A

Calais

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8
Q

What office did York grant to himself in 1454 after removing it from Somerset?

A

Captain of Calais

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9
Q

When did York capture the Duke of Exeter for challenging his first protectorate?

A

July 1454

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10
Q

Which private feud did Richard of York try to solve in 1454?

A

Courtenay-Bonville

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11
Q

Where was Exeter and Egremont’s rebel forces defeated by Sir Thomas and Sir John Neville in late October 1454?

A

Stamford Bridge

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12
Q

Who plotted to kill York during the First Protectorate?

A

Exeter and Egremont

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13
Q

Who was found at fault in the Courtenay-Bonville feud in 1454, and York then lost his support?

A

Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon

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14
Q

Who was the Earl of Wiltshire that intervened to support Lord Bonville against Courtenay in 1454?

A

James Butler

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15
Q

In whose hands were the Calais garrison at the start of the First Protectorate?

A

Somerset’s deputies (Lords Welles and Rivers)

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16
Q

Who did Richard of York try, unsuccessfully, to put on trial in 1454?

A

Edmund Beaufort

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17
Q

Which local gentry dispute in Derbyshire did York try to deal with in 1454?

A

Longford-Blount feud

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18
Q

Whose manor was sacked by his Derbyshire neighbours in 1454?

A

Sir William Blount

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19
Q

What was the punishment given to the Duke of Exeter and Lord Egremont for their rebellion against the First protectorate?

A

Fines

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20
Q

Who did York fail to gain support for his cause to reform government in 1454?

A

The Lords

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21
Q

When did Henry VI descend into a period of madness, leading ultimately to York’s first protectorate?

A

August 1453

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22
Q

Who successfully opposed York’s planned protectorate but then died in March 1454?

A

Cardinal Kemp

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23
Q

At the end of which month was Richard of York made protector for the first time?

A

March 1454

24
Q

Which ally of York’s became Chancellor of England in April 1454?

A

Earl of Salisbury

25
Q

Which son of Henry VI was born in October 1453?

A

Edward of Wales

26
Q

When did Richard of York’s first protectorate end?

A

February 1455

27
Q

When did Henry VI recover his sanity?

A

Christmas 1454

28
Q

Where was a Great Council planned for late May 1455 that the Yorkists feared?

A

Leicester

29
Q

Who was immediately restored to favour by Henry VI in early 1455?

A

Somerset

30
Q

Where did Yorkist forces apprehend the royal army on 22 May 1455?

A

St Albans

31
Q

What was Richard of York’s second period of rule, following his victory at St Albans, lasting from 1455 to 1456?

A

Second Protectorate

32
Q

When did Richard of York formally become protector for the second time?

A

November 1455

33
Q

Which Yorkist noble cleverly moved through back lanes and gardens at St Albans, catching the royal force by surprise?

A

Earl of Warwick

34
Q

What was the First Battle of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, where Somerset and Northumberland were killed?

A

First Battle of St Albans

35
Q

Who was captured by Yorkist forces at the First Battle of St Albans?

A

Henry VI

36
Q

Which royal favourite was killed at the First Battle of St. Albans on 22 May 1455?

A

Edmund Beaufort

37
Q

Who did Parliament declare to blame for the Battle at St Albans in 1455 (along with two other minor household men)?

A

Somerset (Edmund Beaufort)

38
Q

Who did Richard of York make a deal with in order to secure the payment of the garrison at Calais in February 1456?

A

Merchants of the Staple

39
Q

Who did York make Captain of Calais in 1455?

A

Warwick

40
Q

Who was the Earl of Northumberland who sided with Somerset and was killed fighting alongside him at the First Battle of St Albans?

A

Henry Percy

41
Q

Where did Henry Percy’s death have a short-term calming effect during York’s Second Protectorate?

A

North of England

42
Q

Which lord, in addition to Somerset and Northumberland, was killed at St Albans?

A

Lord Clifford

43
Q

Who was the Duke of Buckingham who fought against York in the First Battle of St Albans but participated in the Second Protectorate?

A

Humphrey Stafford

44
Q

Which gentry dispute in the north Midlands was Buckingham able to arbitrate successfully during York’s Second Protectorate?

A

Vernon-Gresley

45
Q

What did York give to people other than just those that supported him, which lead to more noble support in later 1455?

A

Grants

46
Q

Where were there major disturbances in 1455 due to its gentry being too independent and powerful?

A

Wales

47
Q

Who exploited his office in Wales for maximum financial gain and earned out of criminal activities with impunity?

A

Gruffudd ap Nicholas

48
Q

Which noble family rampaged through Devon between October and December 1455?

A

Courtenays

49
Q

Which servant of Lord Bonville was murdered in October 1455, reigniting the feud between him and Devon?

A

Nicholas Radford

50
Q

Where was local violence particularly bad, primarily due to a unresolved feud between Courtenay and Bonville?

A

Devon

51
Q

When did Richard of York’s second period as Protector end?

A

February 1456

52
Q

With whom was York involved in a diplomatic dispute between May and August 1456 with Henry VI’s support?

A

James II of Scotland

53
Q

When was Warwick finally able to take up his post as Captain of Calais?

A

July 1456

54
Q

By the end of what month had York’s last appointees to government been removed?

A

October 1456

55
Q

At which Great Council in October 1456 were unsuccessful attempts made to put York on trial?

A

Coventry

12E: Wars of the Roses, 1450-1471 (11 decks)

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