Byzantium and the Muslim Near East, c.1071-1099 Flashcards
Who was the Byzantine emperor at the beginning of 1071?
Romanos IV
Where did the Byzantine and Turkish forces clash in 1071?
Manzikert
When was the Battle of Manzikert?
August 1071
Who led the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert?
Alp Arslan
Who betrayed the emperor at Manzikert by leaving the emperor in jeopardy?
Andronikos Doukas
Which historian argues that the Byantines suffered no more than 8,000 casualties at Manzikert?
Markham
Which historian described Manzikert as the ‘most decisive disaster in Byzantine history’?
Runciman
Who replaced Romanus IV as emperor between 1071 and 1078?
Michael VII
Who led an uprising against the Byzantine emperor and replaced him in 1078?
Nikephorus III
Who led a coup against Nikephorus III in 1081 and ruled Byzantium until 1118?
Alexius I
Which group descended from Vikings conquered Byzantine southern Italy?
Normans
Which Byzantine city in southern Italy fell to the Normans in 1071?
Bari
Which Norman leader betrothed his daughter to the son of Michael VII’s son?
Robert Guiscard
When did the Normans invade the Byzantine territory of Epirus?
1081
At which major battle in 1081 was Alexius I heavily defeated by the Normans?
Dyrrachium
Which fierce nomadic group threatened the northern Byzantine lands in the 1080s?
Pechenegs
When did Alexius I pay off the Pechenegs with a large bribe?
1087
Which tribal group did Alexius I ally with to destroy the Pechenegs?
Cumans
When did Nicaea fall into the hands of the Selkuk leader Sulayman?
1078
Which city did Sulayman gain possession of in 1084-85?
Antioch
Which Turkish warlord captured Smyrna in the mid-1080s?
Caka
Which city did the Seljuk Abu l’Kasim capture in 1091?
Nicomedia
What did Caka build that threatened the Byzantine islands and Constantinople?
Naval fleet
Which Turkish leader did Alexius I forge a close alliance with in 1081?
Sulayman
Where did Sulayman come to Alexius I’s rescue with 7,000 men in 1083?
Larissa
When did Alexius I’s Seljuk ally Sulayman die?
1086
Which Norman mercenary deserted and established his own independent lordship in 1073?
Roussel of Bailleul
Which Armenian general deserted the Byzantines after Manzikert and took over Antioch in 1078?
Phileretus
What was the sales tax that Alexius I exempted Venetian traders from in 1082?
Kommerkion
What happened to the Byzantine coinage before 1092 that undermined economic confidence?
Debasement
What new coinage did Alexius I create in 1092 to restore economic confidence?
Hyperpyron
Which institution did Alexius I apologise to for taking its wealth to fund his wars?
Byzantine Church
Which Patriarch of Constantinople did Alexius I forge a highly effective relationship with?
Nicholas III Grammatikos
Which battle resulted in the annihilation of the Pechenegs in 1091?
Lebounion
Which group was most frequently the target of warfare from the Seljuk Turks?
Fatimids
Which territory was the focus for most conflict between Seljuks and Fatimids?
Levant
What was the branch of Islam that the Fatimids belonged to?
Isma’ili Shia
What was the branch if Islam that the Seljuk Turks had converted to?
Sunni
Who did the Fatimids wish to depose and the Seljuks theoretically support?
Abbasid caliph
Which group of entirely nomadic Turks were often allies of the Seljuks?
Turcomans
Which Turkish leader established territories that would become the sultanate of Rum?
Sulayman
Which group of Seljuk Turks established themselves in north-eastern Anatolia?
Danishmends
Which Turkish warlord established an independent lordship based around Smyrna?
Caka
Which Turkish leader was fighting the Danishmends when the crusaders attacked Nicaea in 1097?
Kilij Arslan
Which city did Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus compete to take from the crusaders?
Antioch
Which city had the Fatimids recently recaptured from the Seljuks when the crusaders arrived?
Jerusalem
When was Nizam al-Mulk, de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire, murdered?
1092
Which Seljuk Sultan died in 1092 after a successful twenty year reign?
Malik Shah
Which long reigning Fatimid caliph died in 1094?
al-Mustansir
Which key Fatimid adviser and vizier died in 1094?
Badr al-Jamali
Who was the Abbasid caliph that died in 1094?
al-Muqtadi
Who competed with his brother Musta’li for the Fatimid throne in 1094?
Nizar
Whose death in 1095 led to Syria being divided between his two sons?
Tutush I
Who was unable to defeat the crusaders at Antioch due to internal army divisions?
Kerbogha
