yersinia, burkholderia, francisella

Question 1

what is a vector for plague?

Answer 1

fleas (e.g. xenopsylla cheopis)
-or through direct contact

Question 2

where is tularemia most commonly reported in the US

Answer 2

Mississippi River basin

Question 3

is yersinia pestisi a notifable disease

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

where is yersinia pests found (location)?

Answer 4

worldwide
endemic in (south) western US

Question 5

what are reservoirs for yersinia pestis?

Answer 5

rodents

Question 6

how is yersinia pests transmitted?

Answer 6

flea bite
contact

Question 7

what are the clinical manifestations/ different forms of yersinia pestis?

Answer 7

bubonic form
pneumonic form
septicemic form

Question 8

how does the bubonic form of Y. pestis present?

Answer 8

-most common form
-fever, lethargy, enlarged LN
-treatable

Question 9

how is the pneumonic form of Y. pestis present?

Answer 9

resp signs +/- septicemia
-most common route of zoonosis

Question 10

how does the septicemic form of Y. pestis present?

Answer 10

no lymphadenopathy, fever, lethargy
-less treatable and rapidly progresses
-least common form

Question 11

is yersinia pestis notifiable and if so who do you consult?

Answer 11

yes
-consult with county health department or CDC

Question 12

how do you diagnose yersinia pestis?

Answer 12

PCR
culture

Question 13

what is the treatment and prevention for yersinia pestis

Answer 13

-tetracyclines, aminoglycodises
-flea prevention

Question 14

is francisella tularensis notifiable?

Answer 14

yes
-zoonotic agent

Question 15

what are characteristics of francisella tualrensis?

Answer 15

gram negative
facultative intracellular bacillus

Question 16

where is francisella tularensis commonly found (location)?

Answer 16

northern hemisphere
-mississippi/ Missouri River valley, mountain west, E/W coast

Question 17

what are the reservoirs for biotype A of F. tularensis?

Answer 17

rabbits and rodents

Question 18

what are the reservoirs for biotype B of F. tularensis?

Answer 18

aquatic animals

Question 19

how is F. tularensis transmitted?

Answer 19

aerosol (mowing dead rodents)
direct contact
ingestion
ticks

Question 20

what are signs of infection of F. tularensis in sheep and other mammals?

Answer 20

-septicemia (fever, lethargy)
-cough
-white foci necrosis in liver and spleen

Question 21

what is the diagnosis of F. tularensis?

Answer 21

-exposure to wild rabbits/rodents/ticks
-culture (notify lab)
-PCR
-notify state/county health department

Question 22

treatment and prevention for F. tularensis

Answer 22

antibiotics- tetracyclines
control ticks and flys

Question 23

is burkholderia a notifiable zoonotic agent?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

what species is B. mallei most commonly seen in?

Answer 24

equids

Question 25

how is B. mallei transmitted?

Answer 25

contact (halters)
inhalation
ingestion

Question 26

how is the acute form of B. mallei presented?

Answer 26

-caseous/calcified centers on lungs
-star-shaped scars after healed

Question 27

how does the chronic form of B. mallei presented?

Answer 27

oronasal lesions
ulcerative lymphangitis

Question 28

how do you diagnose B. mallei?

Answer 28

culture
PCR

Question 29

what is the treatment for B. mallei

Answer 29

-not a cure, but tetracyclines are used for endemic areas
-depopulation/euthansia

Question 30

where is B. pseudomallei most commonly found?

Answer 30

equatorial distribution

Question 31

how is B. pseudomallei transmitted?

Answer 31

contaminated soil and water

Question 32

what are the clinical manifestations of B. pseudomallei in horses?

Answer 32

edema and lymphangitis

Question 33

how do you diagnose B. pseudomallei?

Answer 33

culture
PCR

Question 34

how do you treat and prevent B. pseudomallei?

Answer 34

often unsuccessful
euthanasia preferred

Question 35

which form of plague is most fatal in humans?

Answer 35

septicemic form

Question 36

what drug is the most useful for treating cases with symptoms common of plague, tularemia, and glanders?

Answer 36

doxycycline