taylorella, brucella, and coxiella- highly regulated bacteria; abortions Flashcards
what are reportable diseases
great public/ animal health importance, and have to reported to gov as soon as detected
what happens after reporting a disease
allow for collection of statistics to show the occurrence of a disease
how is reporting a disease helpful/useful
helps identify disease trends and track disease outbreaks and controls future outbreaks
why is safe handling of reportable pathogens important?
b/c of select agents- possible bioweapon
where was the first case of contagious equine metritis found?
first described in the UK in 1977
what is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis
taylorella equingenitalis
morphology of taylorella equigenitalis
gram - rods
no growth on McConkey bc is fastidious (even though gram -)
what is the pathogenesis of contagious equine metritis
semen and pre-ejaculatory fluids contaminat with T. equigenitalis -> after intro in uterus -> induce acute endometritis -> mononuclear cells, plasma cells, and neutrophils migrate to uterine lumen
what are the clinical findings of contagious equine metritis
-copious mucopurulent vaginal discharge
-temporary infertility
- vertical transmission
-stallions usually display no symptoms
how is contagious equine metritis transmitted?
venereal transmission
infected semen
contaminated instruments
-persists for months or years
-long-term asymptomatic carriers
how do you diagnose contagious equine metritis for mares
swabs
-vaginal discharge
-clitoral fossa, sinuses, cervix
how do you diagnose stallions with contagious equine metritis?
swabs
-urethral fossa and sinus, distal urthrea
-external surface proteins of penis
-prepuce
-pre-ejaculatory fluid
what should a sample of suspected contagious equine metritis be transported in?
amines medium
-sample must be packaged and sent out rapidly
before a sample is taken for a suspected contagious equine metritis, what can not be done before hand?
no systemic antibiotics for 7 days before
no topical antibiotics for 21 days before
on what agars do you culture taylorella equingenitialis (contagious equine metritis)?
chocolate agar
timoney’s medium
what is the treatment for contagious equine metritis?
-wash with 2% chlorhexidine
-antimicrobial treatments; nitrofurazone and silver sulfadiazine
*steps above must be repeated for 5 consecutive days
how do you prevent contagious equine metritis
strict import/ export testing
no vax available
what area is brucellosis found and in what species
-yellowstone N.P.
-found in wild bison and elk
who is brucellosis transmissible to?
cattle and humans
what is the causative agent of brucellosis
all brucella spp
describe the characteristics of brucella spp
gram negative
-outer cell membrane pathogenic strains has LPS
-they survive long periods of time
how does brucellosis test for in
catalase
oxidase
urease
all positive
what is reservoirs for brucellosis
various wild, feral and some domestic animals
who are the groups at high risk for brucellosis
-people who consume unpasteurized milk products
-people in direct contact with infected animals
-lab techs and researchers
what type of control is best for the human population against brucellosis
protecting human populations by vaccinating
how are animals infected with brucellosis
ingestion of contaminated fetal tissues and fluids
what part of the pathogenesis of brucellosis makes it so unique
-bacteria can survive inside phagocytic cells because they can survive inside of macrophages
-they multiply mainly in monocyte-macrophage cells
-spread systemically to various target organs esp in repro organs
what are the clinical findings of brucellosis
abortion/infertility
-abortion storms
reduce milk yield
clinical findings of brucella canis
low virulence
abortions
very rarely zoonotic
clinical findings in brucella suis
abortion/infertility
clinical findings in brucella melitensis
-most dangerous zoonosis
-abortion, orchitis and arthritis
how do you diagnose brucellosis
-Columbia agar supplemental with 5% serum
-brucella milk ring test
what is the causative agent for coxiellosis/Q fever
coxiella burnetii
-resistant to environmental stress
-zoonotic pathogen
what are the two distinct cells types of coxiellosis
-small cell variant
-large cell variant
what makes coxiellosis so scary to people
highly infectious
occupational hazard
select agent
what species does coxiellosis have a strong association with
domestic ruminants
where does coxiella proliferate and what does that result in?
proliferates in uterus and mammary glands and results in late term abortion
how is coxiellosis transmitted?
inhalation
-parturient sheep, goats, cattle and rarely from parturient cats/dogs
what is the pathogenesis of coxiellosis
multiplies acidified phagolysosomes and then localizes in the genital tract and mammary glands of animals
clinical findings of coxiellosis in goats and ruminants
goats: abortions and infertility
ruminants: infertility
diagnosis of coxiellosis
PCR is most sensitive and fast
what is the treatment for coxiellosis
tetracycline
prevention for coxiellosis
-good husbandry
-proper disposal of birth products
