Year 7 And 8 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

What process causes solids to turn into a liquid?

A

melting

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3
Q

What process causes a liquid to change into a solid?

A

Freezing

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4
Q

What process causes a liquid to change into a gas?

A

Evaporating

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5
Q

What process changes a gas into a liquid?

A

Condensing

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6
Q

What process changes a solid into a gas?

A

Subliming

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7
Q

What’s diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a liquid or gas.

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8
Q

What are examples of diffusion?

A
  • potassium manganate(VII) and water
  • ammonia and hydrogen chloride
  • bromine gas and air
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9
Q

How is potassium manganate(VII) and water an example of diffusion?

A

Potassium manganate is bright purple so it’s great for visualising diffusion.

  • the random motion of the particles cause it to evenly spread out
  • if you add more water it becomes more diluted
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10
Q

How is ammonia and hydrogen chloride an example of diffusion?

A

A white ring of ammonium chloride will form closer to the hydrochloric acid end of the tube.
-it forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because the ammonia particles are lighter and smaller

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11
Q

How is bromine gas and air an example of diffusion?

A
  • bromine is a brown strong smelling gas
  • fill a glass jar full of bromine gas and another with air separate them with a glass plate
  • when you remove the glass plate the bromine gas will slowly diffuse through the air
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12
Q

Define element:

A

A substance which consists of only one type of atom

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13
Q

Define compound:

A

A compound is a substance that is made of two or more different elements which are chemically bonded together.

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14
Q

Define mixture:

A

A mixture is a substance that contains more than one type of atoms but there are no chemical bonds between the different parts of a mixture.

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15
Q

What is filtration?

A

Using filter paper to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
-it can be used in purification as well

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16
Q

What is crystallisation?

How do you crystallise a product?

A

Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution

  • pour the solution into an evaporating basin
  • slowly heat the solution and stop heating when crystals start to form
  • leave the dish in a warm place for the rest of the solute to evaporate
  • finally you’ve got the dry product, you can use a drying agent or a desiccator
17
Q

Define molecule:

A

A group of atoms covalently bonded together

18
Q

What processes do you use to separate rock salt?

A

rock salt is a mixture of salt and sand

  • grinding-grind up the rock salt with a pestle and mortar
  • dissolving-dissolve in beaker and stir
  • filtering-filter through filter paper in a funnel(removing the sand)
  • crystallisation-evaporate in an evaporating dish(forming crystal salt)
19
Q

How do you do paper chromatography?

How do you make a chromatogram

A
  • draw a lesson near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper
  • add dots of different dyes to the line at regular intervals
  • put the sheet in a beaker of water
  • make sure the dyes aren’t touching the solvent so they aren’t dissolved
  • place a lid on the beaker to stop the solvent from evaporating
  • the solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the dyes with it
  • each dye will move up at different rates
  • the end result is a pattern of spots called a chromatogram
20
Q

How does chromatography separate mixtures?

A
  • chromatography works because different dyes will move up the papers at different rates
  • some will stick to the paper whereas others will dissolve more readily in the solvent and travel more quickly
  • the distance the dyes travel depends on the solvent and paper you use
21
Q

How can chromatography identify different dyes?

A
  • you can work out the different dyes that are present in a substance by chromatography
  • make a chromatogram for your unknown substance and reference materials(dyes that you think might be in that ink)
  • then compare the chromatograms to work out what dyes are in the substance
22
Q

What’s the use of simple distillation?

A

Used to separate out solutions

-separate a liquid from a solution

23
Q

What’s the process of simple distillation?

A
  • the solution is heated, the part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates
  • the vapour is then condensed and collected
  • the rest of the solution is left behind in the flask
24
Q

What can you use simple distillation for?

A

Can use it to get pure water from seawater

  • the water evaporates and is condensed and collected
  • you’ll eventually just be left with the salt and water separated
25
Q

What’s a disadvantage of simple distillation?

A
  • you can only use it separate things with very different boiling points
  • you can separate out from a mixture with very similar boiling points
26
Q

What’s fractional distillation used for?

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids

27
Q

What’s the process of fractional distillation?

Using the example of the fractional distillation of crude oil at a refinery:

A
  • put your mixture in a flask sticking a fractional column on top then heat it
  • different liquids have different boiling points so they will evaporate at different times
  • the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, and be the first to reach the top of the column
  • liquids with higher boiling points might also start to evaporate but the column is cooler towards the top so they’ll condense and fall back down
  • when the first liquid has been collected, you raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top
28
Q

Describe a test for oxygen:

A

Oxygen relights a glowing splint

29
Q

Describe a test for carbon dioxide:

A

Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy

-just bubble the gas through a test tube of lime water and see what happens

30
Q

Describe a test for hydrogen:

A

Hydrogen makes a ‘squeaky pop’ with a lighted splint

-the noise comes from the hydrogen burning with the oxygen in the air to form water

31
Q

Describe a test for water:

A

Copper sulphate crystals change from being white to being blue