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year 10 mocs year 9 work Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are all living things made of

A

cells

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2
Q

what are eukaryotic cells like

A

complex and include all animal and plant cells

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3
Q

what are prokaryotic cells like

A

smaller and simpler e.g. bacteria

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4
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

organisms made of eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

a prokaryotic cell (a single-celled organism)

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6
Q

what are subcellular structures

A

what the different parts of a cell are called

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7
Q

what subcellular structures do animal cells have

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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8
Q

what does a nucleus contain

A

genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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9
Q

what is genetic material in the nucleus arranged into

A

chromosomes

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10
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen, it contains enzymes that control these reactions

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11
Q

what is a cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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12
Q

what are mitochondria

A

where most of the reactions for respiration take place

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13
Q

what are ribosomes

A

involved in translation of genetic material in the synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

what subcellular structures do plant cells have

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, rigid cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts

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15
Q

what is a rigid cell wall made of

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what does a rigid cell wall do

A

supports and strengthens the cell

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17
Q

what does a large vacuole do

A

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

maintains internal pressure to support cell

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18
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis occurs-makes food for plant

contain green substance; chlorophyll

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19
Q

what subcellular structure do bacteria cells not have

A

a nucleus

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20
Q

what subcellular structures do bacterial cells have

A

chromosomal DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, plasmid DNA, flagellum

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21
Q

what does chromosomal DNA do

A

controls cells activities and replication

it floats free in cytoplasm

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22
Q

what is plasmid DNA

A

small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of chromosome

contain genes for drug resistance- can be passed between bacteria

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23
Q

what is a flagellum

A

long hair like structure that rotates to make bacteria move. can be used to move bacteria away from harmful substances (toxins) and towards oxygen and nutrients

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24
Q

what are specialised cells

A

cells with a structure that makes them adapted to their function

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25
Q

what are egg and sperm cells specialised for

A

reproduction

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26
Q

why are the sperm and egg cell nuclei called ‘haploid’

A

because both nuclei only contain half the number of chromosomes that’s in a normal body cell

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27
Q

why is an egg cell adapted with nutrients in the cytoplasm

A

feed embryo

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28
Q

why does the membrane of an egg cell change structure after fertilisation

A

to stop any more sperm getting in- makes sure offspring have the correct amount of DNA

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29
Q

what are the main functions of an egg

A

to carry female DNA and nourish developing embryo in early stages

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30
Q

what is the function of a sperm

A

transport males DNA to females egg

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31
Q

how is the nucleus of an egg and sperm cell adapted

A

haploid nucleus

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32
Q

why are sperm cells adapted with long tails

A

so it can swim to egg

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33
Q

why are sperm cells adapted with lots of mitochondria

A

to provide energy (from respiration) to swim to the egg

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34
Q

why are sperm cells adapted with an acrosome at the front of their ‘head’

A

it stores enzymes used to digest through membrane of egg cell

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35
Q

what are ciliated epithelial cells specialised for

A

moving materials

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36
Q

how do ciliated epithelial cells move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue

A

they beat

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37
Q

why do the lining of the airways contain lots of ciliated epithelial cells

A

help move mucus up to throat so it can be swallowed and doesn’t reach lungs

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38
Q

what do microscopes use to magnify images

A

lenses and increase resolution of image

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39
Q

what does resolution mean

A

how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together

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40
Q

how do light microscopes work

A

work by passing light through a specimen

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41
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A

use electrons rather than light to pass through a specimen

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42
Q

why are electron microscopes much better than light ones

A

higher magnification and resolution

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43
Q

what are advantages of the higher magnification and resolution of electron microscopes

A

see smaller things in more detail e.g internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts

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44
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

why do you need to first put one drop of water on your slide

A

secure specimen

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45
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

why do you need to add a drop of stain if your specimen is colourless or transparent

A

makes specimen easier to see

different stains highlight different structures within cells e.g. methylene blue stains DNA

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46
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

what do you need to do after you have stained your sample

A

place a cover slip over it

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47
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

after the slide is clipped onto the stage, which lens should you use

A

lowest powered objective lens

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48
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

after you have selected the lowest powered lens, what should the coarse adjustment nob be used to do

A

move stage up, so slide is underneath objective lens and then move stage down until the specimen is nearly in focus

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49
Q

viewing specimen with light microscope

for the last step, what should you use to adjust the focus

A

fine adjustment nob until image is clear

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50
Q

what is the smaller nob on a microscope called

A

fine adjustment nob

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51
Q

what is the bigger nob on a microscope called

A

coarse adjustment nob

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52
Q

what are the lenses on a microscope called

A

high and low power objective lenses

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53
Q

what is the platform on which the sample is placed called

A

stage

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54
Q

what are the clips on a microscope used to do

A

secure the sample

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55
Q

what is the bit on a microscope that you look through called

A

eyepiece lens

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56
Q

what is magnification

A

how many times bigger the image is

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57
Q

what is the formula for total magnification

A

eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

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58
Q

what formula can be used to find total magnification without knowing lens magnification (formula triangle)

A

magnification x real size

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59
Q

what is a millimetre in standard form

A

x 10 to the power of -3m

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60
Q

what is a micrometre in standard form

A

x 10 to the power of -6m

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61
Q

what is a nanometre in standard form

A

x 10 to the power of -9m

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62
Q

what is a picometre in standard form

A

x 10 to the power of -12m

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63
Q

what are enzymes

A

act as biological catalysts, produced by living things

64
Q

what can reduce the need for such high temperatures and speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body

A

enzymes

65
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance that increases a reactions speed, without being used up or changed in the reaction

66
Q

why do enzymes have specialised shapes

A

so they can catalyse reactions

67
Q

what is the substrate

A

the molecule that is changed in the reaction

68
Q

what is an enzymes active site

A

the part where it joins on to its substrate to catalyse the reaction

69
Q

what is the ‘‘lock and key’’ mechanism

A

for enzyme to work, substrate must fit into active site, but if if substrate shape doesn’t match then the reaction wont be catalysed

70
Q

why is it bad if the temperature for an enzyme catalysed reaction gets too hot

A

some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break and this changes the shape of the enzymes active site, so substrate wont fit. Enzyme is denatured

71
Q

what is the name for the temperature that enzymes work best at

A

optimum temperature

72
Q

why do enzymes have an optimum temp

A

kinetic energy in substrate and enzyme molecules is ideal for the maximum number of collisions

73
Q

how does the Ph being too low/high affect enzymes

A

interferes with the binds holding enzyme together- changes active site shape, and denatures enzyme

74
Q

what is often the optimum Ph of an enzyme

A

pH7

75
Q

how does substrate concentration affect rate of reaction

A

higher substrate concentration = faster reaction

76
Q

why does rate of reaction increase as substrate concentration increases

A

because it is more likely that the enzyme will meet up with and react with a substrate molecule

77
Q

why does increasing substrate concentration only increase rate of reaction up to a point

A

all active sites of enzymes are full

78
Q

which enzyme catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose

A

amylase

79
Q

what solution can be used used to detect if starch is present

A

iodine solution

80
Q

what colour will the iodine solution change if starch is present

A

go from browny/orange to blue/black

81
Q

give 3 examples of big molecules

A

proteins, lipids and some carbohydrates

82
Q

why is it important that organisms can break down bigger molecules into smaller components

A

so they can be used for growth and other life processes

83
Q

what organism stores energy in the form of starch

A

plants

84
Q

what do enzymes do when plants need energy

A

break down starch into smaller molecules (sugars)- can be respired to transfer energy - used by cells

85
Q

what does the enzyme carbohydrase convert

A

carbohydrates into simple sugars

86
Q

what is an example of a carbohydrase, and what does it break down from and into

A

amylase, breaks down starch to maltose and other sugars e.g. dextrins

87
Q

what does the enzymes proteases convert

A

proteins into amino acids

88
Q

what does the enzymes lipases convert

A

lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

89
Q

what will happen to the ph of a solution when lipids are broken down

A

fatty acids will lower the pH of solution they are in

90
Q

what can break down big molecules, as well as join molecules together

A

enzymes

91
Q

why are digestive molecules broken down by enzymes

A

break them down so that they aren’t too big to pass from the intestine to the blood

92
Q

what does synthesise mean

A

to construct a larger biological molecule from smaller ones

93
Q

where are carbohydrase enzymes produced

A

mouth (in saliva), pancreas and small intestine

94
Q

examples of proteins

A

haemoglobin, collagen and keratin

95
Q

where are protease enzymes produced

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

96
Q

what are lipids

A

large molecules made from small units of fatty acids and glycerol

97
Q

where are lipase enzymes produced

A

pancreas and small intestine

98
Q

how can carbohydrates be synthesised

A

joining together simple sugars

99
Q

what is glycogen synthase

A

an enzyme that joins together lots of chains of glucose molecules to make glycogen (molecule used to store energy in animals)

100
Q

what are proteins made by

and what do enzymes have to do with this

A

joining amino acids together

enzymes catalyse the reaction

101
Q

what is the synthesis of lipids from

A

fatty acids and glycerol

102
Q

what are the 3 ways substances can move in and out of cells

A

diffusion, osmosis and active transport

103
Q

definition of diffusion

A

net (overall) movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

104
Q

what type of molecules can diffuse through cell membranes

A

very small molecules

105
Q

examples of small molecules that can fit through cell membranes

A

glucose, amino acids, water and oxygen

106
Q

why does diffusion happen in liquids and gases

A

because the particles are free to move

107
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules from an area of high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

108
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane

A

one with very small holes, so it only allows water and small molecules to pass through it, but not larger ones e.g. starch

109
Q

why do water molecules pass both ways through the membrane during osmosis

A

because water molecules move about randomly all the time

110
Q

when the concentration of water is the same on both sides of the membrane what will the movement of water molecules be like

A

same in both directions

will be no net movement of water molecules

111
Q

how will water move into cells with partially permeable membranes

A

osmosis

112
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient (i.e. low- high concentration) by using energy transferred during respiration

113
Q

what will happen if there’s a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than in the blood

A

active transport allows nutrients into the blood - essential to stop us starving

114
Q

what is an experiment to investigate osmosis

and explain what results show

A

put pieces of potato in beakers with different concentrations of sucrose solution, measure mass before and after
if the potato gains mass, then water concentration was higher outside than in, so water was drawn in by osmosis
if mass stays the same then water concentration insidide potato cylinder and the sucrose solution has stayed the same
if mass decreases , water in sucrose solution is lower than in potato cylinders, so they lose water

115
Q

what are chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

116
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

makes two cells, identical to original cell, the nucleus of each new cell contains same no. of chromosomes as original cell

117
Q

what do body cells in multicellular organisms do in the cell cycle

A

divide to produce new cells

118
Q

what is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides

A

mitosis

119
Q

what do multicellular organisms use mitosis to do

A

grow or replace damaged cells

120
Q

what is it called when some organisms use mitosis to reproduce

A

asexual reproduction

121
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A 
-interphase
four stages of mitosis:
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
and after mitosis there is cytokinesis
122
Q

what happens in interphase

A

cell grows to increase no. of mitochondria and ribosomes

then duplicates its dna, copied dna forms x shaped chromosomes

123
Q

what is prophase

A

chromosomes condense- get shorter and fatter

membrane around nucleus breaks down and chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm

124
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at centre of cell

125
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

cell fibres pull chromosomes apart

two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell

126
Q

what happens in telophase

A

membranes form around each set of chromosomes, these become nuclei of two new cells- nucleus has divided

127
Q

what happens in cytokenisis

A

before telophase ends, cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

128
Q

what are the new cells produced after mitosis called

A

daughter cells

129
Q

what are daughter cells and why

A

genetically identical diploid cells because they have the same set of chromosomes in nucleus as other daughter cell

130
Q

what is the formula to find out the number of cells there will be after multiple divisions of mitosis

A

number of cells= 2 to the power of n

n= number of divisions by mitosis

131
Q

what is growth

A

an increase in size or mass

132
Q

what are 3 ways in which animal and plant cells can grow

A

cell differentiation
cell division
cell elongation

133
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

134
Q

why is it good for multicellular organisms to have specialised cells

A

they can work more efficiently

135
Q

how can animals and plants grow by cell division

A

mitosis

136
Q

how can plants grow

A

cell elongation- where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger- making plant grow

137
Q

how does all growth in animals happen

A

cell division

138
Q

where does cell division only happen in plants

A

tips of roots and shoots, areas called meristems

139
Q

do plants stop growing

A

no, even old plants continue to develop new parts

140
Q

what is the rate at which cells divide by mitosis controlled by

A

the chemical instructions (genes) in an organisms DNA

141
Q

why might a cell start dividing uncontrollably

A

if there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cell division, the cell might start dividing uncontrollably

142
Q

what can uncontrollable division of a cell cause

A

mass of abnormal cells, called a tumor

143
Q

when is a tumor called cancer

A

if it invades and destroys surrounding tissue

144
Q

what are percentile charts used to do

A

monitor growth

145
Q

what three measurements are taken for percentile charts

A

length, mass and head circumference

146
Q

what are undifferentiated cells called

A

stem cells

147
Q

what do stem cells found in early human embryos have the power to do

A

divide and produce any kind of cell at all

148
Q

what are stem cells really important for

A

growth and development of organisms

149
Q

where are stem cells found in adults

A

bone marrow

150
Q

why are adult stem cells less versatile than embryonic stem cells

A

cant produce any cell type, only certain ones

151
Q

how can stem cells turn into specialised cells

A

divide by mitosis to become new cells, and then differentiate

152
Q

why are meristems only found in the roots and shoots of plants

A

because they are only found in areas where the plant is growing

153
Q

what are the unspecialised cells produced by meristems able to do

A

able to divide and form any cell type in the plant- act like embryonic stem cells

154
Q

how are the cells formed by unspecialised cells different from human stem cells

A

they can divide and differentiate to generate any type of cell for as long as the plant lives

155
Q

what do unspecialised cells produced by meristems go on to become

A

specialised tissues like xylem or phloem

biology (6 decks)

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