CB7 animal coordination,control and homeosthasis Flashcards
1
Q
where are hormones produced
A
in endocrine glands- these glands make up your endocrine system
2
Q
what are hormones transported via
A
the bloodstream
3
Q
where do hormones affect
A
particular cells in particular organs called target organs
4
Q
what do hormones control in organs and cells
A
things that need constant adjustment
5
Q
what hormone does the pituitary gland produce
A
growth hormone
6
Q
what does growth hormone do
A
causes growth
7
Q
which gland produces insulin
A
the pancreas
8
Q
what does insulin do
A
controls blood sugar
9
Q
what hormone does the adrenal glands produce
A
adrenalin
10
Q
what does adrenalin do
A
prepares body for action - fight flight or freeze mode
11
Q
which hormones do the ovaries produce
A
oestrogen and progesterone
12
Q
what do oestregon and progesterone do
A
sex charechteristics in women
13
Q
which gland produces testosterone
A
the testes
14
Q
what does testosterone do
A
sex charechteristics in men
15
Q
what hormone does the thyroid gland produce
A
thyroxine
16
Q
what does thyroxine do
A
involved in regulating things like rate of metablosim, heart rate and temperature
17
Q
name a target organ of adrenaline
A
the heart where it increases heart rate, and organs in the circulatory and respiratory system
18
Q
what happens to a hormone after it has been used
A
it is destroyed by the liver
19
Q
effects of adrenaline
A
increased breathing rate, heart rate, flow of blood to muscles, conversion of glycogen to glucose
20
Q
target organ of insulin
A
the liver
21
Q
why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland
A
it secretes hormones into the blood in response to the bodys condition e.g. blood water levels
22
Q
what does the hypothalamus detect
A
changes in hormone levels and will release hormones which control the pituitary gland or other organs
23
Q
how does adrenaline prepare the body for fight or flight mode
A
activates processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells
24
Q
why does adrenaline bind to specific receptors in the heart
A
causes the heart muscles to contract more frequently and with more force so heart rate and blood pressure increase
25
what happens in the process of adrenaline causing fight or flight mode after heart rate and blood pressure increases
increases blood flow to the muscles so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration
26
why does adrenaline also bind to receptors in the liver
causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose- this increases blood glucose level so theres more glucose in the blood to be transported to cells
27
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism
28
what is a negative feedback system
a mechanism to lower raised levels of something and to raise reduced levels of something
29
an example of a negative feedback system in the body
the control of body temperature which is controlled by the hypothalamus in your brain
30
why are negative feedback systems important in living organisms
they make sure conditions such as water concentration, temperature and glucose concentration are kept constant
31
how does thyroxine stimulate metabolic rate
it controls the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use
32
which two things have important roles in detecting and controlling thyroxin levels
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
33
what is TRH
thyroptin releasing hormone produced by he hypothalamus in response to a lack of thyroxine in the blood
34
what is TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to TRH
35
what happens if there are low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream
stimulate the hypothalamus to release TRH and this causes the pituitary to release TSHso the thyroid releases more thyroxin so levels return to normal
36
what happens if there are normal thyroxine levels in the bloodstream
inhibit TRH release from the hypothalamus and the production of TSH by the pituitary so normal blood levels are maintained
37
how does thyroxine effect metabolic rate
it controls the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use
38
what is metabloic rate
the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use
39
what is a hormone
a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood which alters the activity of specific target organs
40
what happens in days 5-7 of the menstrual cycle
pituitary gland starts to release FSH which is then carried round the body and picked up by receptors on cells of the ovaries
41
what do the follicles do in response to the release of FSH
start to mature and one will grow faster than the others
42
what happens between days 7 and 13 of the menstrual cycle
```
the egg (ova) signals to ovaries as it develops
ovaries start to produce hormone oestregon -causes womb lining to build up
```
43
how do high oetregoen levels affect the pituitary gland
makes pituitary gland stop producing FSH to make sure that only one egg is released
44
what happens at around day 14 of the menstrual cycle
brain detects high oestregon production and produces LH - luetanising hormone triggers ovulation
45
what happen between days 16 and 28 of the menstrual cycle
progesterone is produced by empty follicle the egg has left, progesterone maintains uterus lining and stops production of LH in the pituitary
46
what happens if the egg isnt fertilised
the follicle stops producing levels of oestergon and progesterone
47
what day of the menstrual cycle does menstruation happen
day 28
48
what does oestregon do in the menstrual cycle
causes the uterus lining to build
49
what does progesterone donin the menstrual cycle
maintains the uterus lining
50
what does FSH do in mentsrual cycle
causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary
51
what does leutanising hormone do
stimulates the release of an egg
52
how can hormones be used as a method of contraception
high levels of oestregon will inhibit FSH production so after a while of taking the pill, egg development and release will stop and no egg means no baby
53
side affects of hormonal contraception methods
changes in weight mood and blood pressure due to high levels of oestregon
54
examples of physical methods of contraception
condoms and diaphragms - stop sperm from reaching the egg
55
example of a surgery thats used as a method of contraception
a vasectomy where the sperm ducts are cut and tied
56
whats a diaphgram or cervical cap
sits infront of uterus entrance- sperm can still get into vagina tho
57
how does an itrauterine device work- IUD, coil
made of copper- copper kills the sperm- sits inside uterus- over 99% effective
58
how does the oestergeon pill work
oestregon- used to prevent the release of an egg
| side affects- weight gain hairloss etc..
59
how does the progesterone pill work
reduces fertility- stimulates production of thick cervical mucus- prevents sperm getting through entrance of uterus
60
inuaterine system - IUS hormonal coil
pumps out hormones instead of killing sperm
61
how effective are condoms
98%
62
advantages and disadvantages of IUDs
needs to be fitted by a health proffesional, can remain there for 10 yeras, small risk of an ectopic pregnancy
63
what is assisted reproductive technology
use of hormones and procedures as fertiity treatment to help to achieve pregnancy
64
examples of assisted reproductive technology
IVF and clomifene
65
what is the first stage of IVF
giving a woman FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs in the ovary
66
second stage of IVF treatment
eggs aref collected from the woman and fertilised by the mans sperm in a petri dish in a lab
67
what is the third stage of IVF
the eggs develop into embryos
68
last stage of IVF
at stage where they are tiny balls of cells one or two embryos are inserted into womans uterus
69
what is clomifene used for
as a drug to stimulate ovulation
70
how does clomifene work
by blocking the action of oestergons negative feedback loop on LH, so more LH is released in a surge, this mimics the LH surge that occurs before ovulation
71
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body
72
which two main systems in your body control homeostasis
the nervous system and the endocrine system
73
why is a consistent internal environment important
so that the body functions effectively and stays at its optimum temp (37dc)
74
what is insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas which regulates glucose concentration in the blood
75
how do low glucose levels affect the pancreas
insulin not secreted into the blood
76
how do low glucose levels then effect the liver
does not convert glucose into glycogen- causes blood glucose levels to increase
77
how do high glucose levels effect the pancreas
insulin is secreted into the blood
78
how do high glucose levels affect the liver
liver converts glucose into glycogen- causes blood glucose levels to decrease
79
how is type 1 diabetes caused
when the bodys immune system attacks the pancreas, destroying cells that produce insulin- so the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
80
how can type 1 diabetes be controlled
monitoring blood sugar levels and injecting insulin
be careful with their diet, eat foods that wont cause large increases in blood sugar level and excersising can lower blood glucose levels due to invcreased respiration in muscles
81
how does glycogen help regulate blood glucose concentration
if levels are too low the pancreas releases hormone glucagon- this travels to the liver in blood and causes the break down of glycogen into glucose- this enters blood stream levels return to normal
82
how is type 2 diabetes caused
the persons body cells no longer respind to insulin by the pancreas
83
how can type 2 diabetes be controlled
by a carbohydrate controlled diet -carbohydrate digested into glucose- raises overall blood glucose level. and an excercise regime
84
what is the correlation between body mass and type 2 diabetes
people overweight or obese have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
85
how are BMI and wasit:hip ratios related to body mass
bigger body mass the higher they will be
86
correlation between body mass and type 2 diabettes
higher body mass means an increased chance
