CB8 exchange and transport in animals Flashcards
1
Q
what processes is oxygen needed for
A
metabollic
2
Q
another word for energy
A
ATP
3
Q
what is surface area
A
the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has
4
Q
what is volume
A
how much 3d space a substance or shape has
5
Q
name two substances a mammal must transport in its body to survive
A
oxygen and water
6
Q
name two substances a mamal must get rid of in order to survive
A
carbon dioxide and urea
7
Q
what is the relationship between volume and surface area in terms of diffusion
A
bigger surface area to volume ratio will mean more quicker diffusion
8
Q
features of exchange surfaces
A
large surface area to volume ratio
high to low concentration
create a short diffusion pathway
9
Q
how thick are the walls of alveoli and what does this create
A
one cell thick and this creates a short diffusion pathway
10
Q
what happens to alveoli when you breathe
A
inflate when you inhale and deflate when you exhale
11
Q
what happens in alveoli
A
blood cells flow and the carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the blood and is breathed out through the lungs oxygen breathed in diffuses from the alveoli into the blood supply
12
Q
what does concentration gradient mean
A
diffference in concentration
13
Q
how will substances diffuse depending on concentration gradient
A
substances diffusse faster if there is a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to
14
Q
what vessel surrounds the alveoli
A
capillery
15
Q
what gradient does the alveoli have
A
high to low
16
Q
alveoli are partially …………….. .
A
permeable
17
Q
what happens to the muscles during excercise
A
used more
18
Q
what happens in terms of oxygen consumption during excercise and why
A
we need to breathe in more oxygen to take to muscles
19
Q
what happens to heart rate during excercise and why
A
heart rate increases because we need to take more blood around our body and take the oxygenated blood cells to our muscles
20
Q
what is another word for red blood cells
A
erethrosites
21
Q
how are red blood cells adadpted
A
no nuclues which creates a biconcave shape
22
Q
where are red blood cells made
A
in the bone marrow
23
Q
what do red blood cells do
A
carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
24
Q
why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape
A
so they have a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen
25
why do red blood cells have no nucleus
more room to carry oxygen
26
what is the name of the red pigment red blood cells have and what does it contain
haemoglobin and it contains iron
27
what are phagocytes
white blood cells that change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms this is called phagocytosis
28
what do white blood cells do
healing, target things infecting you and kill them off
29
what are lymphocytes
white blood cells that produce antibodies against micro organisms some also produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms
30
what do white blood cells do if you have an infection
they will multiply to fight off the infection
31
what do white blood cells do when you get a cut
they protect it from infection which can be why you get swelling
32
what could someone get if they were defficeint of white blood cells
sepsis
33
what does plasma look like
pale straw coloured liquid
34
what does plasma do
it carries almost everything red and white blood cells and platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids proteins etc
35
what can happen if you dont have enough plasma
cougulation
36
what do platelets do
help your blood to clot eg when you form a scab
37
what are platelets
small fragments of cells with no nucleus
38
what can happen if you dont have enough platelets
- hemphidia when you dont have sufficient clotting
| - severe bleeding and bruising
39
what does plasma carry to the kidneys and to the body
- waste to kidneys
| - nutrients to the body
40
what do red blood cells transport to and from cells
-oxygen -carbon dioxide
41
what do leucocytes do
attack any bacteria or viruses that enter the body
42
what is 50% of plasma made up of
water
43
what SA:V ratio do larger cells have
smaller SA:V ratio
44
what SA:V ratio do smaller cells have
larger SA:V ratio
45
what helps to pump blood through veins
muscle contractions
46
what are artery walls like and made up of
very thick and contain 4 layers:
- epithelium
- muscle layer
- elastic layer
- collagen shell
47
what are capillary walls like
walls are made from one layer of epithelium cell
48
what are vein walls like
walls are thin and have 3 layers of tissue:
- epithelium
- elastic tissue
- collagen shell
49
what is blood pressure like in arteries
carries blood at systolic pressures (120mmHg)
50
what is blood pressure like in capilleries
carries blood at very low pressure (1 to 2mmHg)
51
what is blood pressure like in veins
carries blood at low pressure (10 to 20mmHg)
52
which vessel carries blood away from the heart
artery
53
which vessel carries blood towards the heart and around the body
vein
54
which vessel is not connected to the heart
capillery
55
doe arteries have valves
no
56
do veins have valves
yes to stop backflow
57
do capilleries have valves
no
58
how do artery walls cope with pressure
wall contains thick muscle layer to cope with very high internal pressures
59
how do capillery walls adapt to pressure
walls are thin because pressure is low
60
how do veins walls cope with pressure
walls burst under pressure changes
61
what do capilleries do
supply food and oxygen and take away waste like CO2
62
what type of blood do arteries carry
oxygenated blood
63
what type of blood do veins carry
deoxygenated blood
64
what size vessel are arteries
biggest
65
what size vessel are capilleries
smallest
66
what size vessel are veins
middle size
67
describe artery structure
- large lumen
- strong elastic walls
- thick walls compared to lumen size
- high pressure
68
describe capillary structure
- very small lumen
- thin cell wall (one cell thick)
- permeable wallls
- narrow
- dont carry much blood
69
describe vein structure
- bigger lumen than arteries
| - lower pressure
70
why do arteries have thick layers of muscle
to make them strong
71
why do arteries contain elastic fibres
to allow them to stretch and spring back for when the heart pumps the blood at high pressures
72
why do arteries have large lumens
allows large volumes of blood to flow through
73
why are capillaries narrow with thin cell walls
so they can squeeze between cells and carry blood really close to every cell to exchange substances
74
why do veins have a larger lumen than arteries ?
to help blood flow despite lower pressure
75
why do veins have thinner walls than artery walls
because they have lower pressure
76
what does the right atrium recieve and where from
deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena carva
77
what happens to the deoxygenated blood after it leaves the right atrium
deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle
78
what happens to blood after it leaves the right ventricle
the deoxygenated blood is moved through to the lungs through the pulmonary atery
79
where is oxygenated blood from the lungs recieved and what through
its recieved in the left atrium
| through the pulmonary vein
80
where does oxygenated blood go after leaving the left atrium
the oxygenated blood then moves through to the left ventricle
81
what happens to the oxygenated blood when it leaves the left ventricle
it is pumped around the whole body via the aorta
82
what are valves for
stop backflow in the heart
83
which ventricle has a thicker wall
left ventricle
84
why does the left ventrickle have a thicker wall
it needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure but the right ventricle only has to pump it to the lungs
85
what muscles are the heart made of
- pericardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
86
why is the heart made of muscle
- strong
| - can contract to allow blood flow
87
what circulatory system do mamals have
double circulatory system
88
what is a double circulatory system
it means that the heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits
89
what is the first circuit of a double circulatory system
heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen and the oxygenated blood then returns to the heart
90
what happens in the second circuit of a double circulatory system
the heart pumps oxygenated blood around all other organs of the body to deliver oxygen to body cells
deoxygenates blood then returns to the heart
91
what is a single circulatory system
goes around in one big loop passing from body to heart continously
92
describe a fishs circulatory system
- single circulatory system
- deoxygenated blood from the fishs body travels to the heart which pumps it right around the body in a single circuit (via the gills where it picks up oxygen)
93
which blood vessel gives the greatest surface area for the blood
capilleries
94
why is it good to have larger SA:V ratio
helps diffusion
95
what gas is needed for aerobic respiration
oxygen
96
what sugar is needed for aerobic resperation
glucose
97
what waste gas do humans excrete
carbon dioxide
98
what is the concentration of gas like when blood enters the alveoli
- high concentration of carbon dioxide
| - low concentration of oxygen
99
what do erothrocytes do
carry oxygen
100
what is cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
101
what is heart rate
the number of beats per minute (bpm)
102
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle every time it contracts
103
how do you calculate cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
104
cardiac output triangle
cardiac output
-----------------------
heart rate x stroke volume
105
why does a fitter person have a lower heart rate
more muscle in the heart so the blood can be pumped around more efficiently
106
what tissue is the heart mainly made of
muscle
107
what happens to the tissue in the ventricle walls for blood to leave the ventricles
contracts
108
what is the septum in the heart
its seperates the two ventricles
109
a pulse is caused by a wave that flows through the wall of which type of blood vessel
artery
110
what does respiration create
energy or ATP
111
what type of reaction is respiration
exothermic
112
what is an exothermic reaction
one which gives out energy to the surroundings usuallly in the form of heat
113
why is respiration an exothermic reaction
becuase energy is transfered to the environment
| some of this energy is transfered by heat
114
what are the two types of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic
115
what respiration happens when plenty of oxygen is available
aerobic
116
which respiration is more efficient
aerobic is the most efficient to transfer energy from glucose
117
what is the equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water
| the reverse of the photosynthesis equation
118
what hapens when doing vigorous excercise and your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration
your muscles have to begin to respire anaerobicly
119
which form of respiration is less eficient and why
anaerobic transfers much less energy than aerobic respiration so its less efficient
120
what happens in anearobic reespiration
the glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is produced
121
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose -------> lactic acid
122
what are the products when plants respire anearobicly
they produce ethanol (alcohol) and CO2 instead of lactic acid
123
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
glucose -------> ethanol + carbon dioxide
124
what is a waste product of aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide
125
in what organelle does aerobic resperation take place
mitochondria
126
where does anearobic resperation take place
cytoplasm
127
what is oxygen debt
when theres not enough oxygen to break down the lactic acid
128
why do organisms respire
to get energy, warmth
129
what percentage of aerobic energy is used by anaerobic
5%
130
what is the independant variable for the maggot investigation
the temperature
131
what is the dependant variable for the maggot investigation
oxygen used
132
what variables should have been controlled in the maggot investigation
maggots and the equipment
133
name the part of the blood that transports most of the carbon dioxide to the lungs
plasma
134
what is the direction that blood flows towards through and out from the heart
pulmonary vein -> atrium -> ventricle -> aorta
135
what will the stroke volume of an unfit person be like
less sufficient stroke volume
