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biology > CB8 exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

CB8 exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what processes is oxygen needed for

A

metabollic

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2
Q

another word for energy

A

ATP

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3
Q

what is surface area

A

the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has

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4
Q

what is volume

A

how much 3d space a substance or shape has

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5
Q

name two substances a mammal must transport in its body to survive

A

oxygen and water

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6
Q

name two substances a mamal must get rid of in order to survive

A

carbon dioxide and urea

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7
Q

what is the relationship between volume and surface area in terms of diffusion

A

bigger surface area to volume ratio will mean more quicker diffusion

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8
Q

features of exchange surfaces

A

large surface area to volume ratio
high to low concentration
create a short diffusion pathway

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9
Q

how thick are the walls of alveoli and what does this create

A

one cell thick and this creates a short diffusion pathway

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10
Q

what happens to alveoli when you breathe

A

inflate when you inhale and deflate when you exhale

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11
Q

what happens in alveoli

A

blood cells flow and the carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the blood and is breathed out through the lungs oxygen breathed in diffuses from the alveoli into the blood supply

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12
Q

what does concentration gradient mean

A

diffference in concentration

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13
Q

how will substances diffuse depending on concentration gradient

A

substances diffusse faster if there is a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to

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14
Q

what vessel surrounds the alveoli

A

capillery

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15
Q

what gradient does the alveoli have

A

high to low

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16
Q

alveoli are partially …………….. .

A

permeable

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17
Q

what happens to the muscles during excercise

A

used more

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18
Q

what happens in terms of oxygen consumption during excercise and why

A

we need to breathe in more oxygen to take to muscles

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19
Q

what happens to heart rate during excercise and why

A

heart rate increases because we need to take more blood around our body and take the oxygenated blood cells to our muscles

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20
Q

what is another word for red blood cells

A

erethrosites

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21
Q

how are red blood cells adadpted

A

no nuclues which creates a biconcave shape

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22
Q

where are red blood cells made

A

in the bone marrow

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23
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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24
Q

why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape

A

so they have a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen

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25
Q

why do red blood cells have no nucleus

A

more room to carry oxygen

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26
Q

what is the name of the red pigment red blood cells have and what does it contain

A

haemoglobin and it contains iron

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27
Q

what are phagocytes

A

white blood cells that change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms this is called phagocytosis

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28
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

healing, target things infecting you and kill them off

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29
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that produce antibodies against micro organisms some also produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms

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30
Q

what do white blood cells do if you have an infection

A

they will multiply to fight off the infection

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31
Q

what do white blood cells do when you get a cut

A

they protect it from infection which can be why you get swelling

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32
Q

what could someone get if they were defficeint of white blood cells

A

sepsis

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33
Q

what does plasma look like

A

pale straw coloured liquid

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34
Q

what does plasma do

A

it carries almost everything red and white blood cells and platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids proteins etc

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35
Q

what can happen if you dont have enough plasma

A

cougulation

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36
Q

what do platelets do

A

help your blood to clot eg when you form a scab

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37
Q

what are platelets

A

small fragments of cells with no nucleus

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38
Q

what can happen if you dont have enough platelets

A
  • hemphidia when you dont have sufficient clotting

- severe bleeding and bruising

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39
Q

what does plasma carry to the kidneys and to the body

A
  • waste to kidneys

- nutrients to the body

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40
Q

what do red blood cells transport to and from cells

A

-oxygen -carbon dioxide

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41
Q

what do leucocytes do

A

attack any bacteria or viruses that enter the body

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42
Q

what is 50% of plasma made up of

A

water

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43
Q

what SA:V ratio do larger cells have

A

smaller SA:V ratio

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44
Q

what SA:V ratio do smaller cells have

A

larger SA:V ratio

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45
Q

what helps to pump blood through veins

A

muscle contractions

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46
Q

what are artery walls like and made up of

A

very thick and contain 4 layers:

  • epithelium
  • muscle layer
  • elastic layer
  • collagen shell
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47
Q

what are capillary walls like

A

walls are made from one layer of epithelium cell

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48
Q

what are vein walls like

A

walls are thin and have 3 layers of tissue:

  • epithelium
  • elastic tissue
  • collagen shell
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49
Q

what is blood pressure like in arteries

A

carries blood at systolic pressures (120mmHg)

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50
Q

what is blood pressure like in capilleries

A

carries blood at very low pressure (1 to 2mmHg)

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51
Q

what is blood pressure like in veins

A

carries blood at low pressure (10 to 20mmHg)

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52
Q

which vessel carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

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53
Q

which vessel carries blood towards the heart and around the body

A

vein

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54
Q

which vessel is not connected to the heart

A

capillery

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55
Q

doe arteries have valves

A

no

56
Q

do veins have valves

A

yes to stop backflow

57
Q

do capilleries have valves

A

no

58
Q

how do artery walls cope with pressure

A

wall contains thick muscle layer to cope with very high internal pressures

59
Q

how do capillery walls adapt to pressure

A

walls are thin because pressure is low

60
Q

how do veins walls cope with pressure

A

walls burst under pressure changes

61
Q

what do capilleries do

A

supply food and oxygen and take away waste like CO2

62
Q

what type of blood do arteries carry

A

oxygenated blood

63
Q

what type of blood do veins carry

A

deoxygenated blood

64
Q

what size vessel are arteries

A

biggest

65
Q

what size vessel are capilleries

A

smallest

66
Q

what size vessel are veins

A

middle size

67
Q

describe artery structure

A
  • large lumen
  • strong elastic walls
  • thick walls compared to lumen size
  • high pressure
68
Q

describe capillary structure

A
  • very small lumen
  • thin cell wall (one cell thick)
  • permeable wallls
  • narrow
  • dont carry much blood
69
Q

describe vein structure

A
  • bigger lumen than arteries

- lower pressure

70
Q

why do arteries have thick layers of muscle

A

to make them strong

71
Q

why do arteries contain elastic fibres

A

to allow them to stretch and spring back for when the heart pumps the blood at high pressures

72
Q

why do arteries have large lumens

A

allows large volumes of blood to flow through

73
Q

why are capillaries narrow with thin cell walls

A

so they can squeeze between cells and carry blood really close to every cell to exchange substances

74
Q

why do veins have a larger lumen than arteries ?

A

to help blood flow despite lower pressure

75
Q

why do veins have thinner walls than artery walls

A

because they have lower pressure

76
Q

what does the right atrium recieve and where from

A

deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena carva

77
Q

what happens to the deoxygenated blood after it leaves the right atrium

A

deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle

78
Q

what happens to blood after it leaves the right ventricle

A

the deoxygenated blood is moved through to the lungs through the pulmonary atery

79
Q

where is oxygenated blood from the lungs recieved and what through

A

its recieved in the left atrium

through the pulmonary vein

80
Q

where does oxygenated blood go after leaving the left atrium

A

the oxygenated blood then moves through to the left ventricle

81
Q

what happens to the oxygenated blood when it leaves the left ventricle

A

it is pumped around the whole body via the aorta

82
Q

what are valves for

A

stop backflow in the heart

83
Q

which ventricle has a thicker wall

A

left ventricle

84
Q

why does the left ventrickle have a thicker wall

A

it needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure but the right ventricle only has to pump it to the lungs

85
Q

what muscles are the heart made of

A
  • pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
86
Q

why is the heart made of muscle

A
  • strong

- can contract to allow blood flow

87
Q

what circulatory system do mamals have

A

double circulatory system

88
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

it means that the heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits

89
Q

what is the first circuit of a double circulatory system

A

heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen and the oxygenated blood then returns to the heart

90
Q

what happens in the second circuit of a double circulatory system

A

the heart pumps oxygenated blood around all other organs of the body to deliver oxygen to body cells
deoxygenates blood then returns to the heart

91
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

goes around in one big loop passing from body to heart continously

92
Q

describe a fishs circulatory system

A
  • single circulatory system
  • deoxygenated blood from the fishs body travels to the heart which pumps it right around the body in a single circuit (via the gills where it picks up oxygen)
93
Q

which blood vessel gives the greatest surface area for the blood

A

capilleries

94
Q

why is it good to have larger SA:V ratio

A

helps diffusion

95
Q

what gas is needed for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

96
Q

what sugar is needed for aerobic resperation

A

glucose

97
Q

what waste gas do humans excrete

A

carbon dioxide

98
Q

what is the concentration of gas like when blood enters the alveoli

A
  • high concentration of carbon dioxide

- low concentration of oxygen

99
Q

what do erothrocytes do

A

carry oxygen

100
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute

101
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute (bpm)

102
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle every time it contracts

103
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

104
Q

cardiac output triangle

A

cardiac output
———————–
heart rate x stroke volume

105
Q

why does a fitter person have a lower heart rate

A

more muscle in the heart so the blood can be pumped around more efficiently

106
Q

what tissue is the heart mainly made of

A

muscle

107
Q

what happens to the tissue in the ventricle walls for blood to leave the ventricles

A

contracts

108
Q

what is the septum in the heart

A

its seperates the two ventricles

109
Q

a pulse is caused by a wave that flows through the wall of which type of blood vessel

A

artery

110
Q

what does respiration create

A

energy or ATP

111
Q

what type of reaction is respiration

A

exothermic

112
Q

what is an exothermic reaction

A

one which gives out energy to the surroundings usuallly in the form of heat

113
Q

why is respiration an exothermic reaction

A

becuase energy is transfered to the environment

some of this energy is transfered by heat

114
Q

what are the two types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic

115
Q

what respiration happens when plenty of oxygen is available

A

aerobic

116
Q

which respiration is more efficient

A

aerobic is the most efficient to transfer energy from glucose

117
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

the reverse of the photosynthesis equation

118
Q

what hapens when doing vigorous excercise and your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration

A

your muscles have to begin to respire anaerobicly

119
Q

which form of respiration is less eficient and why

A

anaerobic transfers much less energy than aerobic respiration so its less efficient

120
Q

what happens in anearobic reespiration

A

the glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is produced

121
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose ——-> lactic acid

122
Q

what are the products when plants respire anearobicly

A

they produce ethanol (alcohol) and CO2 instead of lactic acid

123
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

glucose ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

124
Q

what is a waste product of aerobic respiration

A

carbon dioxide

125
Q

in what organelle does aerobic resperation take place

A

mitochondria

126
Q

where does anearobic resperation take place

A

cytoplasm

127
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

when theres not enough oxygen to break down the lactic acid

128
Q

why do organisms respire

A

to get energy, warmth

129
Q

what percentage of aerobic energy is used by anaerobic

A

5%

130
Q

what is the independant variable for the maggot investigation

A

the temperature

131
Q

what is the dependant variable for the maggot investigation

A

oxygen used

132
Q

what variables should have been controlled in the maggot investigation

A

maggots and the equipment

133
Q

name the part of the blood that transports most of the carbon dioxide to the lungs

A

plasma

134
Q

what is the direction that blood flows towards through and out from the heart

A

pulmonary vein -> atrium -> ventricle -> aorta

135
Q

what will the stroke volume of an unfit person be like

A

less sufficient stroke volume

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