Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > new topiccccc > Flashcards

new topiccccc Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define the term health

A

a state of complete physical mental and social well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define the term disease

A

a disease is a condition where part of an organism doesn’t function properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two types of disease

A

communicable and non-communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

diseases that can be spread between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are non communicable diseases

A

diseases that can’t be transmitted between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of non communicable diseases include

A

cancer and CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what can your immune system do to pathogens

A

can attack and destroy pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

white blood cells are the most important part of your immune system what do they do in terms of pathogens

A

they travel around in your blood and crawl into every part of you patrolling for pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are B-lymphocytes

A

they are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the specific immune response- this is the immune response to a specific pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does every pathogen have on its surface

A

unique molecules (e.g proteins) on its surface called antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do your b-lymphocytes start to do when they come across an antigen on a pathogen? and what happens after this

A

they start to produce proteins called antibodies antibodies then bind (lock onto) the new invading pathogen so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen, they won’t lock onto any other pathogens
the antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow all round the body to find all similar pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can diseases affect the immune system

A

if you are affected by one disease it could make you more susceptible to others- your body may become weakened by the disease so its less able to fight off others. This is because it weakens your immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name an example of a disease that can affect your immune system

A

HIV is a virusthat can affect your immune system by destroying your white blood cells. If HIV isn’t treated it can lead to AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is malnutrition

A

when someone consumes too little or too many nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can diet lead to malnutrition

A

if your diet doesn’t contain enough or contains too much of a certain nutrient then you could become malnourished. Consuming too many nutrients in your diet especially ones high in fat and sugar is a form of malnutrition and could lead to obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the link between alcohol and liver disease

A

drinking too much alcohol is a major risk factor for the development of liver disease e.g cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is drinking a major risk factor for the development of liver disease

A

because alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic. Drinking too much over a long period of time can cause permanent liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the effect of alcohol consumption on liver disease at local levels

A

in areas where there are high levels of excess alcohol consumption theres likely to be a high occurence of liver disease this can put pressure on the recources (money, beds, staff etc.) of local hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the effect of alcohol cosumption on liver disease at national levels

A

The National Health Service provides the resources for the treatment of patients all over the UK. Sometimes people suffering from a non-communicable disease (e.g liver disease) might not be able to work. A reduction in the number of people able to work can affect a country’s economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the affect of alcohol consumption on liver disease at global levels

A

non-communicable diseases (e.g liver disease) are very common and costly, high cost and occurence of these diseases can hold back the development of a country- an affect at a global level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what two methods is obesity measured by

A

BMI

waist-to-hip ratios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is BMI measured

A

BMI= mass(kg)÷(height(m))squared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are waist-to-hip ratios calculated

A

waist circumference ÷ hip circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does smoking correlate with cardiovascular disease

A

smoking increases the risk of blood clots forming in arteries which can restrict or block blood flow, leading to a heart attack or stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can smoking cause blood clots

A

nictonie in cigarette smoke increases heart rate which increases blood pressure high blood prssure damages artery walls contributing to the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits restrict blood flow and increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does atherosclerosis cause to build up

A

build up of fatty material such as cholestorol fibrous material and calcium which forms an atheroma under the endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens as an atheroma continues to build up

A

restricted blood flow increases blood pressure
artery looses its elasticity
blockage restricts blood flow due to decreased lumen diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do substances from tobaco cause to happen to the artery lining in atherosclerosis

A

damage artery lining (lumen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what accumilates to repair the damage done to the lumen from tobaco smoke in athersclerosis

A

a combination of clotting factors and white blood cells accumilate to repair the damage and and fat can build up in artery wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name 3 ways in which cardiovascular disease can be treated

A

lifestyle changes
some drugs
surgical procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why are lifestyle changes often recommended first

A

don’t really have downsides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how would people with or at risk of CVD be encouraged to eat

A

a healthy balanced diet low in saturated fat, because saturated fat can increase blood cholestrorol level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are some lifestyle changes someone with or at risk of CVD could make

A

eat a healthy balanced diet
exercise regularly to lose weight if necessary
stop smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why would someone with or at risk of CVD be encouraged to regularly exercise and eat healthily

A

because this will cause fat to be burned off and therefore a reduction in obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what can making changes to your lifestyle cause in terms of CVD

A

making changes to your lifestyle can reduce your risk of developing CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do statins do

A

reduce amount of cholestorol in bloodstream- slows down rate at which fatty deposits form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

statins reduce the risk of what

A

minimises risk of CHD

reduces risk of heart attacks and strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

side effects of statins

A 
type 2 diabetes
confusion + memory loss
kidney damage
liver damage
muscle damage
aching muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how many people experience statin side effects

A

1 in 10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin)

A

are drugs which make blood clots less likely to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are a side effect of anticoagulants

A

can cause excessive bleeding if the person is hurt in an accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are antihypertensives

A

they reduce blood pressure- this helps to prevent damage to blood vessels and so reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are some side affects of antihypertensives

A

headaches and fainting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are beta blockers

A

Beta blockers work mainly by slowing down the heart. They do this by blocking the action of hormones like adrenaline. usually come as tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what can beta blockers be used to treat

A

angina, heart failure, heart attack, high blood pressure

reduce risk of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

side affects of beta blockers

A

feeling tired, dizzy or lightheaded (can be signs of a slow heart rate)
cold fingers and toes (beta blockers may affect the blood supply to your hands or feet)
difficulties sleeping or nightmares
feeling sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

name some examples of drugs used to treat or reduce the risk of CVD

A

beta blockers
statins
anticoagulants
antihypertensives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where are stents inserted

A

inside arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what do stents do

A

keep arteries open making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles, lowering risk of a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what can happen to stents over time

A

the artery can narrow again because stents can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

why do patients have to take drugs after having stents inserted

A

to stop blood clotting on the stent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the name for the surgery in which stents or a small balloon is inserted into the artery

A

coronary angioplasty

53
Q

what is a coronary bypass surgery

A

if part of a blood vessel is blocked a piece of healthy vessel taken from elsewhere can be used to bypass this blocked section

54
Q

what can the whole heart be replaced by

A

a donor heart

55
Q

what happens in a heart transplant

A

if your heart is seriously damaged then their heart is removed and the new one is connected to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

56
Q

what is the patient connected to during a heart transplant

A

while the surgery is going on the patient won’t have a heart so the patient is connected to a heart-lung bypass machine

57
Q

what does a heart-lung bypass machine do

A

takes over the job of the heart and the lungs

58
Q

why are drugs taken after a heart transplant

A

because the new heart doesn’t always start pumping properly and drugs have to be taken to stop the body rejecting it

59
Q

what are some risks of a heart transplant

A

rejection of donor heart
arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)
internal bleeding
high blood pressure

60
Q

any heart surgery is a major procedure what is a risk

A

bleeding, clots and infection

61
Q

what is the name for the surgery in which stents are put into someone

A

coronary angioplasty

62
Q

how can eating a healthy diet reduce CVD risk

A

healthy diets low in fat and sugar will make you less likely to become malnourished, and therefore less likely to become obese which corelates with CVD
also a diet low in saturated fats, because saturated fats can increase blood cholesterol level

63
Q

how can exercise affect obesity

A

reduces obesity as it burns off the energy stored as fat

64
Q

how does obesity correlate with cardiovascular disease

A

the more obese you are, the increased risk you have of developing CVD

65
Q

name a disease caused by bacteria

A

cholera, typhoid, gonorrhoea, food poisoning

66
Q

diseases caused by viruses

A

flu, influenza, measles, mumps etc…

67
Q

diseases caused by a fungus

A

athletes foot and ringworm

68
Q

what type of pathogen causes cholera

A

bacterium called vibrio cholerae

69
Q

what are some effects/symptoms of cholera

A

diarrhoea

70
Q

how is cholera spread

A

through contaminated water sources

71
Q

how can the spread of water be reduced

A

make sure people have access to clean water supplies

72
Q

what pathogen causes tuberculosis

A

bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis

73
Q

effects/symptoms of tuberculosis

A

coughing and lung damage

74
Q

how is tuberculosis spread

A

through the air when infected individuals cough

75
Q

how can the spread of tuberculosis be reduced

A

infected people avoid crowded public spaces, have good hygiene, sleep alone and have well-ventilated homes

76
Q

what pathogen causes Chalara Ash Dieback

A

a fungus that infects ash trees

77
Q

effects/symptoms of chalara Ash dieback

A

leaf loss and bark lesions (wounds)

78
Q

how is chalara ash dieback spread

A

carried through the air by the wind, also spread when diseased ash trees move areas

79
Q

how can spread of chalara ash dieback be reduced

A

removing young, infected ash trees and replanting with different species. Restricting import/movement of ash trees

80
Q

what pathogen causes malaria

A

a protist

81
Q

what are the effects/symptoms of malaria

A

damage to red blood cells and the liver in severe cases

82
Q

how does malaria spread

A

mosquitos act as animal vectors- pass on protist to humans, without getting the disease

83
Q

how can the spread of malaria be reduced

A

mosquito nets and insect repellent- present mosquitos carrying the pathogen, from biting people

84
Q

what pathogen causes HIV

A

virus

85
Q

what are the effects/symptoms of HIV

A

destroys white blood cells- damages the immune system

can lead to AIDS

86
Q

how is HIV spread

A

through the transmission of bodily fluids

87
Q

how can the spread of HIV be reduced

A

using contraception and not sharing needles

88
Q

what pathogen causes chlamydia

A

bacteria but it can only reproduce inside the host cell

89
Q

symptoms/effects of chlamydia

A

pain while urinating, lower abdomen pain, bleeding, infertility

90
Q

how is chlamydia spread

A

sexual contact

91
Q

how can the spread of chlamydia be reduced

A

using barrier contraception e.g. condoms

92
Q

how can diseases such as cholera typhoid and dysentery be spread

A

through water

93
Q

what type of bacteria is thought to be spread when people touch each others food after touching their mouths or after the toilet

A

helicobacter

94
Q

what is it called when people touch their mouth or food after going to the toilet

A

oral-faecal transmission

95
Q

how do pathogens of the digestive system spread in food enter the body

A

through the mouth- described as the oral route

96
Q

how air pathogens spread through airborne transmission

A

when someone sneezes of coughs, droplets containing the pathogen are sent into the air

97
Q

how long can TB bacteria remain in the air, and what issues can this cause

A

can survive for months in the air, can mix with dust, blow around and infect other people

98
Q

how can infections like colds, flu and tuberculosis be spread

A

airborne

99
Q

is the skin a chemical or physical barrier

A

physical

100
Q

how does the skin stop pathogens entering the body

A

acts as a barrier and if it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal cuts, keeping microorganisms out

101
Q

are hair and mucus in your nose chemical or physical barriers

A

physical

102
Q

how do hair and mucus in the nose stop pathogens entering the body

A

trap particles that could contain pathogens

103
Q

are cells in your trachea and bronchi (airways in the lungs) a chemical or physical barrier

A

physical

104
Q

how do cells in your trachea and bronchi (airways in the lungs) stop pathogens entering the body

A

the cells produce mucus which traps pathogens
other cells lining the trachea and bronchi have cilia, these hair like structures waft the mucus to the back of your throat where it can be swallowed

105
Q

is acid in the stomach a chemical or physical barrier

A

chemical

106
Q

how does acid in the stomach defend the body against pathogens

A

stomach produces hydrochloric acid- kills most swallowed pathogens

107
Q

are tears from the eyes a chemical or physical barrier

A

chemical

108
Q

how do the eyes protect the body against pathogens

A

eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme (in tears) which kills bacteria on the eye’s surface

109
Q

what happens when pathogens in the blood come into contact with lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes with antibodies matching the antigen attach to the pathogen and become activated

110
Q

what happens after a lymphocyte becomes activated

A

it divides to produce clones with identical antibodies on the surface

111
Q

what do the clones of the activated lymphocyte then do

A

some of them release antibodies into the blood which will attach to pathogens and cause them to die

112
Q

what will the lymphocytes do when all of the pathogens are dead

A

a few memory lymphocytes will remain in the blood

113
Q

`what do memory lymphocytes do

A

are produced in response to a foreign antigen and remain in the body for a long time and ‘remember’ a specific antigen

114
Q

what is injected into a person in immunisation

A

dead or inactive pathogens, which still carry antigens which the body makes antibodies to destroy

115
Q

in immunisation, what do the antigens trigger to be made

A

memory lymphocytes

116
Q

after immunisation, what would happen if live pathogens of the same type got into the body

A

there would already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast secondary immune response, so you are less likely to get the disease

117
Q

what are antibiotics

A

a medicine that works by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells, but not in the host organism

118
Q

what is prevented when antibiotics inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls

A

prevents the bacteria from dividing, and eventually kills them

119
Q

some antibiotics inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls, how does this affect the host organism

A

no effect on cells in the human host, which don’t have cell walls

120
Q

why are antibiotics useful for treating bacterial infections

A

because they don’t damage processes in human cells

121
Q

why don’t antibiotics kill viruses

A

because viruses reproduce using your body cells, making it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the virus, without killing body cells

122
Q

what is the first stage of development for a new medicine

A

discovery

123
Q

what happens in the discovery stage of finding a new medicine

A

scientists try to identify molecules that could be used as drugs to fight disease

124
Q

what happens first in pre clinical testing

A

drugs tested on human cells and tissues in lab

125
Q

what is the second step of pre clinical testing

A

test the drug on live animals

126
Q

why is the drug tested on animals

A

to test it works (produces effect looking for)
to find out how toxic (harmful) it is
find best dosage

127
Q

what are the 4 stages of discovering a new medicine

A

discovery
pre-clinical
small clinical
large clinical

128
Q

what happens in the small clinical stage of new medicine development

A

drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side affects

129
Q

what happens in the large clinical trials

A

tested on patients with the illness and large groups of people with different characteristics, so they can gather large amounts of evidence on the effects

biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions