Year 10 Earthquakes and Tectonic Hazard Case Studies 1A Flashcards
tectonic hazard
volcano or earthquake
primary effects
what happens straight away
secondary effects
what happens later on
immediate response
how people help straight away
long-term response
how people help later on
contrasting wealth
places with different amounts of money and development
magnitude
number to show the strength of an earthquake
Chile - location, development, GNI per capita, date, time, magnitude
Location - Southwest of Santiago(capital), Development - HIC, GNI per capita - In 2010 $13490, date - February 27th 2010, time - 3:34 am, magnitude - 8.8
Nepal - location, development, GNI per capita, date, time, magnitude
Location - Gorkha, Nepal, Development - LIC, GNI per capita - In 2015 $780, date - April 25th 2015, time - 11:56 am, magnitude - 7.8
Chile primary effects
Deaths - 700, injured - 12,000, Cost of damage - $30 billion, Hospitals damaged - 8
Nepal primary effects
Deaths - 8841, injured - 16,800, Cost of damage - $5.15 billion, Hospitals damaged - 26
Chile secondary effects
homeless - 700, education - 11% schools damaged, Landslides blocked main roads
Nepal secondary effects
homeless - 1 million, education - 50% schools damaged, Avalanche killed 19 people
Chile immediate response
Aid - food, shelter and water, Evacuation - Residents sent to higher ground
Nepal immediate response
Aid - red cross provided tents for 275,000, World health organisation distributed medical supplies
Chile long-term response
aimed to build back stronger, regrow economy
Nepal long-term response
$274 million in aid from European Union, 23 areas rebuilt, Mount Everest trail was re-routed
Tourism
More than 100 million people visit volcano and earthquake areas on holiday -> provides local economy with money -> employment in tour guides, hotel workers etc.
Farming
Tectonic hazard areas are fertile -> nutrients in soil -> good for farming ->provides food for 10% of population
Mining
people mine sulphur -> used in matches, fertilisers -> paid on average a day $6
Geothermal energy
water heated underground by magma -> turns into steam -> turns turbines -> generates electricity -> 30% of Iceland’s energy is geothermal -> renewable
family + friends
people don’t want to move away -> may have cultural attachment -> may be cheaper to live there
How do you monitor and predict earthquakes?
difficult for seismometers to record foreshock in ground, radon gas detectors measure gas released from cracks, earthquakes are mapped to spot patterns and trends
How do you monitor and predict volcanoes?
easier to predict than earthquakes, tiltmeters record changes in shape of volcano, heat sensors detect temperature changes, spiderbots measure gas escape from volcano
How do you protect against earthquakes?
earthquake proof buildings e.g. rubber shock absorbers, X shaped frame, pendulum in roof etc., nuclear power stations shutdown during an event, people can hide under tables
How do you protect against volcanoes?
impossible to build homes to survive eruption so evacuation is key, can build lava diversion channels to move lava away from towns, close windows to stop ash entering homes
How do you plan against volcanoes?
warning system to alert people to evacuate area, preparation of emergency survival kit with checklist, education on how to survive, volcano drills to rehearse evacuation route
How do you plan against earthquakes?
earthquake drills to rehearse ‘stop cover hold’, emergency survival kits, smart phones detect shaking and send alert message, attach furniture and objects to walls securely
