Yamamoto et al. (2012)

Question 1

What is the psychology being investigated in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 1

1. Altruism
2. Pro-Social Behaviour
3. Instrumental helping

Question 2

What is Altrusim?

Answer 2

Willingness todo certain things to others even though there is no obvious benefit to oneself

Question 3

What is target help?

Answer 3

Target help is based on the understanding of the situation the individual in need is.

Question 4

Why is target help mostly attributed to humans?

Answer 4

Because it requires ‘Theory of Mind’ and animals do not have it. Animals only have altrusic food sharing between primates

Question 5

Fill in

One cognitive explanation for social behaviour is…

Relating to help

Answer 5

Target/Instrumental help

Question 6

What is the aim of Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 6

To learn more about the altrusic behaviour in chimpanzees:

1. To find if chimpanzees can comprehend the needs of their conspecifics
2. To find if they can react to these needs with targeted help

Question 7

What kind of experiment was Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 7

Laboratory experiment

Question 8

What was the research design used in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 8

Repeated measures design

The participants took part in both conditions of the study and each condition had several trials

Question 9

What is the IV in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 9

Whether the chimpanzees could see the other chimpanzee’s situation or not (Can see/Cannot see conditions)

Question 10

What was the DV in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 10

The targeted help offered by the chimpanzees.

This was operationalized as a correct tool or not correct non tool item offered.

Question 11

Describe

The sample in Yomamoto’s study

Answer 11

The participants were recruited from the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University and consisted of 5 chimpanzees paired in mother and child. The chimpanzees participanted beforehand in studies on helping behaviours and others.

Question 12

What were the names of the chimpanzees in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 12

• Ai
• Pan
• Ayumu
• Pal
• Cleo

Question 13

What was the task the chimpanzees faced in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 13

The task consisted of one chimp being in one room with the need for a stick or straw in order to get a juice drink. The other chimp has to provide the first with the correct tool out of the 7 available from the adjacent room through a hole in the wall

Question 14

Why did the chimpanzees went through a familiarization phase, prior to Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 14

So that the chimpanzees could investigate and use each tool to learn its purpose and potential application to situations

Question 15

How many conditions were there in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What were the conditions in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 16

1. Can see condition
2. Cannot see condition
3. Another can see condition

Question 17

Why was there ‘another’ Can see condition in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 17

To ensure the chimpanzees actions were intentional and not because of order effect

Question 18

Describe

The ‘Can see’ condition in Yomamoto’s study

Answer 18

The chimpanzees could see in to adjacent room as the panel between them was transparent.

Question 19

Describe

The ‘Cannot see’ condition in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 19

The chimpanzees could not see each others’ situations as the panel between them was opaque

Question 20

How many trails were there in each condition in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 20

48 trails, half (24) of which had the stick as the correct tool and the other had the straw. The order was randomized.

Question 21

How many trails were done per day in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 21

Around 2-4 trails per day

Question 22

When were trails considered started and finished in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 22

Started: When the tray of tools was presented

Finished: When either the recipient obtained an offered tool or after 5 mins of no tool being offered.

Question 23

How was an ‘offer’ operationalized in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 23

An ‘offer’ was operationalized as a chimp holding a tool for the other, even if the other didnt take it.

Only first offers were counted.

Question 24

How were the qualitative and quantitative data gathered in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 24

The trails were recorded using a video camera

Question 25

What was the qualitative data gathered in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 25

The chimpanzees’ gestures/movement

Question 26

What was the quantitative data gathered in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 26

The number of correct offers given

Question 27

What were considered ‘Tools’ in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 27

The correct objects given

Question 28

What were considered as ‘Non-Tools’ in Yomamoto’s study?

Answer 28

Any other objects given