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Psycology Topic Wise > Mood disorder > Flashcards

Mood disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Affective disorders are defined by the DSM-IV as mental disorders characterized by disturbances of mood that are intense and persisent to be clearly mal adaptive

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of mood disorders?

A
  1. Unipolar (Major) depression
  2. Bipolar (Manic) depression
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3
Q

Symptom assessment of unipolar depression?

A

Symptom assesment
* Must be present consistently everyday
* Must not be due to another disorder
* Must not be due to substance abuse
* Must not be due to grief
* Must show well deviation from normal function

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4
Q

What are the physical symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  1. Change in appetite
  2. Insomnia or pattern disturbances
  3. Excessive sleeping as a trial to escape reality
  4. fatigue
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5
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  1. Problamatic desicion making
  2. Slow & tangled thinking
  3. Presimistic spirit
  4. Impaired memory and concentration
  5. Suicide plot
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6
Q

What are the social and emotional symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Social

  1. Social withdrawal due to not gaining pleasure from social interactions
  2. Feeling of not contributing

Emotional

  1. Sadness
  2. Distress
  3. Loss of pleasure
  4. Pressimism
  5. Low mood
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7
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  1. Distruped self care
  2. Takes more time to complete everyday tasks
  3. Reduced sex drive
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8
Q

What is bipolar depression?

A

In the depression phase, symptoms are very similar to unipolar.
* In bipolar, there are also alternating periods of mania - wild and unrealistic activity, flight of ideas and elevated mood.
* During the mania phase, the individual may lose touch with reality and therefore this maybe characterized as a psychosis

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of bipolar depression?

Cognitive and emotional

A

Cognitive
1. Disturbed thought processes
2. Delusional ideas
3. Reckless decisions
Emotional
1. Feel fantastic
2. No social inhibition
3. Confidence
4. Deny anything is wrong

Depression symptoms same as unipolar

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of bipolar depression?

Behavioural and physical

A

Behavioural
1. Talk fast
2. Reckless actions with bad consequences
Physical
1. Little sleep
2. Increased energy
3. Active

Depression symptoms same as unipolar

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9
Q

Diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression?

A
  • For unipolar, must show consistent low modd for minimum of 2 weeks as well as least 5 of ; Weight loss/gain, energy loss/tiredness, insomnia/hypersomnia, interest lost in before enjoyed activities, unreasonable feeling of guilt, impaired thinking/concentration, suicide plot.
  • For bipolar, symptoms of both depression and manic states has to be experienced
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9
Q

What is BDI?

A
  • A psychometric used to measure depression. The Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) is a multiple choice self report used to assess the symptoms and severity od depression.
  • Consists of 21 items, each having 4 statements fro which the person has to choose one that fits them best. The items address issues such as sadness, disappointment and other signs that show depression.
  • Each score has a score from 0-3, these are totaled and final score used to determine the severity.(10-mild, 10-29-moderate, 30>-severe )
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10
Q

Evaluate the BDI

A
  • Has been updated twice and is considered fairly accurate because have showed highly reliable and valid
  • Test is objective due to quantitative data so no possibility of assessor bias.
  • Demand characteristics as they can underestimate or exagerate the answers
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11
Q

What is the application to real life in BDI?

A

The BDI is ued in clinical settings as a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of depression and to identify individuals who are at risk.
The test has be adapted to be suitable for children under 13

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12
Q

What are the two biological explanations for mood disorders?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Biochemical
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13
Q

What is the genetic explanation for mood disorder?

A

The closer a person is to the sufferer, the more genes they share, the more likely they are to develop a mood disorder. The incidence in first degree relatives is higher. Genetic evidence is greatest for the most severe forms of the disorder

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14
Q

What is the biochemical explanation for mood disorders?

A

Lack of excess of certain chemicals affects the funtioning of the brain, influencing emtion regulation. Imbalance in neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine can cause depression - depressed individuals have low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine neurons. People with mania show reverse patterns

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15
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

A variation in a gene or genes. Not a mutation but just differences in the normal population

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16
Q

What is sexually dismorphic?

A

Any differences between males or females of any species which are not just differences in organs or genitalia

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17
Q

Describe Oruc et al’s study?

A
  • DNA testing was done to test the polymorphism in serotonin receptor and serotonin transporter genes.
  • 42 participants (25 f/17 m) between the ages of 32-70, all diagnosed with bipolar depression. They were from two psychiatric hospitals in Croatia
  • Atleast 16 of them had atleast one relative with a major affective disorder.
  • They were matched in pairs by gender and age with a control group - 40 participants with no personal or family history of mental illnesses.
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18
Q

What were the result from Oruc et al’s study?

A

Serotonin has been understood to be sexually dismorphic.
Trends for association with both polymorphisms in female participants were observed. Suggests that this could be responsible for an increased risk of bipolar in females only

19
Q

Evaluate Oruc et al’s study

A

Study shows that there is a possible genetic cause of bipolar in females. This is a complementary explanation for the occurance of unipolar depression.
* Reductionistic as other factors not taken to account
* Deterministic as it says nothing can be done
* Small sample
* Valid cause lab experiment - no researcher bias

20
Q

What does the cognitive model state about the explanation of mood disorder?

Cognitive explanation

A

The cognitive model states that depression is a result of consistent negative bias thinking. Cognitive abnormality causes behavioural sysmptoms.

21
Q

What did Beck suggest about depression?

A

Beck said that depression is based on self defeating negative beliefs. He outlined three main models; cognitive triads, silent assumption schemas and faulty thinking.

22
Q

What is the cognitive triad?

A

There are three forms of negative thinking;
* Negative views on self
* Negative views on future
* Negavtive views on the world
When these combine along with normal thinking processess, it leads to impairment in perception, memory and problem solving. The person is consistently overwhealmed by negative thoughts.

23
Q

What is silent assumption schema?

A
  • Pressimistic beliefs and expectations acquired as a result of a traumatic event
  • A stressful life event is required to activate a negative schema
  • Following that, a number of illogical thoughts and cognitive bias takes over the person’s thinking and reflects of other similiar events in the future
24
Q

What is faulty thinking?

A

Logical error in information processing

25
Q

What are the types of faulty thinking? Describe them

A
  1. Arbitinary inference - Drawing negative conslusions without supporting data
  2. Personalisation - Believing that its their fault if a negative event happens
  3. Selective thinking - Only focusing on the bad parts
  4. Black and white thinking - Extremities, either very good or bad, no in betweens.
26
Q

What is the behavioural explanation of depression?

A

This explanation outlines despression as a result of a person’s interaction with the environment and negative learning by either classical or operant conditioning

27
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Association between a certain stimuli and a negative emtional state is learned and remembered. When a person learns that their actions and reactions make no difference in the aversion environment, this will not try to solve the problem even if possible.

28
Q

What is attribution?

A

The cognitive process by which individuals exlpain the causes of behaviours and events

29
Q

What are the three dimension for casual attribution?

A
  1. Internal - Thinking it’s their fault
  2. Stable - Thinking it will stay bad forever
  3. Global - Thinking things are more likely to go wrong now
30
Q

Describe Seligman’s study?

A
  • The study was carried to investigate how well the attributional style would predict depressive symptoms.
  • The sample had 39 participants with unipolar depression and 12 with bipolar, same clinic, mixed genders and a mean age of 36. Control had 10 participants with no mood disorder.
  • They completed an attributional style questionnaire which had 12 hypothetical + and - events. Were asked to predict the casual attributing and rate on a 7 point scale based on internality, stability and globality
31
Q

What were the results from Seligman’s study?

A

Participants with unipolar and bipolar depression showed more pressimistic and negative attributional styles compared to the control group.
The higher the score on the BDI, the more pressimistically intense choices on the attributional style questionaire

32
Q

Evaluate Seligman’s study?

A

The questionnaire assessing the participants were standardised therefore high reliability.
However, impossible to rule out the cause and effect

33
Q

Issues and debates involving the behavioural explanation of mood disorder?

A

Learned helplessness and learned attributional style are the outcomes of a person’s encounter with the environment. The cognitive model assusmes that a person’s impaired thinking triggers depression as a result of overwhelming experiences

34
Q

What is the biological treatment for mood disorders?

A

Antidepressants
* Drugs that reduced the symptoms of depression and includes MAOIs and SRRIs.

35
Q

Hows do MAOIs work? Give full form.

A

MAOIs (Monoanimes Oxidase Inhibitors) work by blocking the MAO enzyme that breaks down monoanimes at the synapse, therefore, monoanimes remain in the synapse for a continues amount of time and act on the postsynaptic neuron.

35
Q

How do SSRIs work? Give the full form.

A

SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) work by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron, leaving it to have a more intense effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Mostly used for bipolar

36
Q

Evaluate antidepressants

A

Strenths
* Fairly effective
* Known to mild symptoms rapidly in most studies
* Easy to get to and be administrated
* Cheaper counselling engagement
Weaknesses
* High relapse rate if discontinues
* Side effects
* Only milds symptoms, doesnot cure

37
Q

Issues and debates of antidepressants?

A

The nature side is taken by medical therapy since biological factors are focused on when reducing symptoms.
The individual explanation is highly relative due to the belief that a person’s own levels of neurotransmitters are distrupted and require correction

38
Q

Describe Direck et al’s study with results

A

Aimed to test the effectiveness of ECT
Impilcated on 1000 participants with either unipolar or bipolar depression.
Results: 50% had a positive outcome

39
Q

Evaluate ECTs

A
  • Especially nessasry to prevent suicide
    However,
  • Can result in short term memory loss
  • High relapse rate
  • Not ethical, can cause physical and mental damaga
40
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

Cognitive restructuring treatment introduced by Beck in 1979, involves patients investigating their negative distortions and reframing their thinking about upsetting situations, changing major attitudes and beliefs

41
Q

Describe Wiles et al’s study

A

Wiles et al conducted a study to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring.
469 participants diagnosed with depression was incidentally devised to either usual care or care with cognitive restructuring

42
Q

What were the results from Wiles et al?

A

Participants undergoing treatment with CR were 3 times more likely to respond to treatment and show minimised symptoms.

43
Q

Evaluate Wiles et al

A
  • Takes into account a wide range of beliefs by which it avoids reductionism.
  • Not successful in individuals with low intelligence.
  • Not expensive
44
Q

What is Stotism?

A

Stotism is a philosophy that suggests that people are not directly affected by outside things but rather by their own perception of external things

45
Q

What is REBT?

A

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy aims to help individuals create and maintain constructive rational pattern of thinking about their lives. It works by explaining the ABC model to patients.
This therapy was introduced by Ellis who believed that depression was caused by people’s perceptions and attitudes about past events.

46
Q

Describe the study by Lyon and Woods

A

A meta analysis of 70 different studies on REBT was conducted. Analysis compared 263 cases of patients with REBT treatment to control groups or other psychotherapies.

47
Q

Evaluate REBT

A
  • Finding of the study support the effectiveness of REBT.
  • More confrontational and less sensitive that other treatments
  • May distress the patient.
48
Q

Issues and debates of REBT?

A

Takes on the nuture side as it is based on the premise that how people think and behave is learned through their experience in the world.

Psycology Topic Wise (8 decks)

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