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Paediatrics > Y4 - Development > Flashcards

Y4 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the median age a child is able to use a single word?

A

1 year old

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2
Q

What is the median age a child is able to use 2 word sentences?

A

2 years old

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3
Q

What is the median age a child is able to walk unaided?

A

13 months (1y)

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4
Q

What is the median age a child is able to sit unaided?

A

7 months

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5
Q

What is the median age a child is able to use pincer grip?

A

10 months

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6
Q

What is the median age a child is able to tie their own laces?

A

6-8y

Now later due to velcro usage

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7
Q

What is the median age a child is able to do zips and buttons?

A

Big range

Straight forward zips and buttons expect 4/5y

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8
Q

What is the median age a child is able to first smile?

A

6 weeks

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9
Q

What is the median age a child is able to pedal a bike with stabilisers?

A

3y

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10
Q

What is the median age a child is able to play co-operatively?

A

2.5y

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11
Q

When does tiolet training tend to occur by?

A

3 years

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12
Q

What are the main principles of development?

A

Continuous process

Sequence is usually the same but the rate differs (for individuals and aspects)

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13
Q

What are milestones?

A

An ability that most children achieve by a certain age

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14
Q

What are the social milestones & when are they achieved on average?

A
  • Smiles - 6/52
  • Sociable/babbling - 3/12
  • First words 12-13/12
  • 2 word phrases - 2y
  • 5 word phrases - 3y
  • Past, future tense, jokes - 5y
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15
Q

What are the gross motor skills miletones & when are they on average achieved?

A
  • Sitting - 7/12
  • Walking - 13/12
  • Walks up and down stairs - 2y
  • Stands and walks on tip toes, pedal strike - 3y
  • Runs upstairs, walks down like adult - 5y
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16
Q

What is the Fog test?

A

It is used to test gross motor skills in 6-8yo

?

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17
Q

What are the fine motor coordination milestones and on average when are they achieved?

A
  • Pincer grip, points with index fingers & throws ojects - 10/12
  • Tower 2 bricks - 15/12
  • Tower 4 bricks - 18/12
  • To and fro scribbles - 18/12
  • Draws circle and person (smiley face with 4 lines) - 3.5y
  • Makes brick stairs, can draw person’s body, triangle & square - 4y
  • Can draw details on man (hair, fingers etc.) - 5y
  • Can draw diamond - 7y
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18
Q

What are the play milestones and when are they on average achieved?

A
  • Mouthing, inspect, shaking objects - 6m
  • Uses obkects functionally, e.g. doll to bed - 12m
  • Symbolic play, e.g. give teddy a drink, parallel play - 18m
  • Acts out sequences of every day activities, watches other children play, begins cooperative play - 2-3y
  • Cooperative & role play - 3y
  • Enjoys playing with others, elaborates on fantasy play - 4y
  • Cooperates in group play, follows group rules - 5y
19
Q

What are the concentration milestones & when are they on average achieved?

A
  • Attends to novel stimuli - 6m
  • Attends to most dominant stimulus in the room - 12m
  • Attends to own choice of activity, quite rigid and inflexible, 1 activity at a time - 18m
  • Remains rigid & inflexible, 7m sustained attention to activities not of his/her own choice - 2y
  • Can attend to adults choice of activity for increasing periods - 2.5y
  • Still single chanelled but child can control own focus and shift from listening to doing, 13m of sustained attention - 4y
  • Chanelled attention, able to listen and do at same time, can ignore irrelevant information, 15m of sustained attention - 5y
20
Q

What things may cause speech delay?

A

Hearing problems

Mouth movements - oral dyspraxia

General developmental delay

Specific language disorder

Neglect - lack of stimulation in environment

21
Q

What are some definite developmental red flags?

A
  • Loss of developmental skills (may indicate neuromuscular dx)
  • Not smiling/fixing/following at 2m
  • Hand preference before 1y (may indicate hemiplegia)
  • Head circumference >99.6th or <0.4th centile
  • Not walking at 18m (if male do CPK)
  • Not talking at 18m
  • Parental concern esp hearing
  • Experience HV or teacher not happy with child

In these situations - refer!

22
Q

Before what age can you not diagnose autism?

A

3y

23
Q

Before what age can you not diagnose ADHD?

A

6y

24
Q

What are the potential pitfalls that may cause children to seem like they have an organic cause of developmental delay?

A

Bottom shufflers (wait longer before Ix, it runs in families)

Small developmentally delayed child

Parental information (often exagerated)

Ill/tired child (e.g. can’t be bothered doing test)

Child of mother with PND

Deprived, disadvantaged, neglected, abused

Preterm

25
Q

What must you do when assessing the developmental milestones of premature babies?

A

Correct for prematuring until 2y

26
Q

What is screening?

A

Screening is applied to a population who have no manifestations of a disorder in order to separate out thoe at higher risk from those at lower risk

27
Q

For what conditions is screening carried out?

A

Conditions in which early intervention is an effective way of improving a child’s development

28
Q

What is the current screening of children in the UK?

A
  • Newborn
  • 5-6 days
  • 6-8 weeks
  • 24 months
  • 4 years
  • 5 years
29
Q

What is done at newborn screening?

A

Physical examination, esp eyes, heart, hips

30
Q

What is done at 5-6d screening?

A

Guthrie test

Hearing screen

31
Q

What is done at the 6-8w screening?

A

Physical examination

32
Q

What is done at the 24m screening?

A

Developmental review by HV

33
Q

What is done at the 4y screening?

A

Orthopotist assessment of vision

34
Q

What is done at the screening at 5y?

A

Height, weight, hearing by school nurse

35
Q

What does the Guthrie test test for?

A

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, maple syrup urine disease, PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, homocystinuria, MCADD, IVA, GA1

36
Q

How common is learning disability?

A

Affects 1-3% of children

37
Q

What is the WHO definition of disability?

A

A state of arrested, or incomplete, development of mind

Significant impairment of intellectual functioning (IQ) or significant impairment of social functioning (autism)

MUST be present from childhood, not acquired following trauma/illness as an adult

38
Q

How are learning disabilities classified?

A

By IQ:

See table

Educational terminology has divided LD into mild (IQ 70-75) and severe (IQ <50)

Must consider social function, strengths and weaknesses as opposed to IQ alone.

39
Q

What are the groups of causes of LDs?

A

Genetic

Intrauterine

Perinatal

Postnatal

40
Q

What are the genetic causes of LD?

A

Down’s syndrome

Turner’s syndrome

Neurofibromatosis

Tuberosclerosis

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Fragile X syndrome

PKU

41
Q

What are the intrauterine causes of LDs?

A

Rubella

CMV

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Phenytoin

Microencephaly

42
Q

What are the perinatal causes of LDs?

A

Birth asphyxia

VLBW

Intracranial haemorrhage

43
Q

What are the post-natal causes of LDs?

A

Shaken baby syndrome

Meningitis

Encephalitis

Head injury

Iodine deficiency (leading cause world wide)

Cretinism (hypothyroidism acquired in childhood)

Lead poisoning

Paediatrics (35 decks)

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