Y4 - Development Flashcards
What is the median age a child is able to use a single word?
1 year old
What is the median age a child is able to use 2 word sentences?
2 years old
What is the median age a child is able to walk unaided?
13 months (1y)
What is the median age a child is able to sit unaided?
7 months
What is the median age a child is able to use pincer grip?
10 months
What is the median age a child is able to tie their own laces?
6-8y
Now later due to velcro usage
What is the median age a child is able to do zips and buttons?
Big range
Straight forward zips and buttons expect 4/5y
What is the median age a child is able to first smile?
6 weeks
What is the median age a child is able to pedal a bike with stabilisers?
3y
What is the median age a child is able to play co-operatively?
2.5y
When does tiolet training tend to occur by?
3 years
What are the main principles of development?
Continuous process
Sequence is usually the same but the rate differs (for individuals and aspects)
What are milestones?
An ability that most children achieve by a certain age
What are the social milestones & when are they achieved on average?
- Smiles - 6/52
- Sociable/babbling - 3/12
- First words 12-13/12
- 2 word phrases - 2y
- 5 word phrases - 3y
- Past, future tense, jokes - 5y
What are the gross motor skills miletones & when are they on average achieved?
- Sitting - 7/12
- Walking - 13/12
- Walks up and down stairs - 2y
- Stands and walks on tip toes, pedal strike - 3y
- Runs upstairs, walks down like adult - 5y
What is the Fog test?
It is used to test gross motor skills in 6-8yo
?
What are the fine motor coordination milestones and on average when are they achieved?
- Pincer grip, points with index fingers & throws ojects - 10/12
- Tower 2 bricks - 15/12
- Tower 4 bricks - 18/12
- To and fro scribbles - 18/12
- Draws circle and person (smiley face with 4 lines) - 3.5y
- Makes brick stairs, can draw person’s body, triangle & square - 4y
- Can draw details on man (hair, fingers etc.) - 5y
- Can draw diamond - 7y
What are the play milestones and when are they on average achieved?
- Mouthing, inspect, shaking objects - 6m
- Uses obkects functionally, e.g. doll to bed - 12m
- Symbolic play, e.g. give teddy a drink, parallel play - 18m
- Acts out sequences of every day activities, watches other children play, begins cooperative play - 2-3y
- Cooperative & role play - 3y
- Enjoys playing with others, elaborates on fantasy play - 4y
- Cooperates in group play, follows group rules - 5y
What are the concentration milestones & when are they on average achieved?
- Attends to novel stimuli - 6m
- Attends to most dominant stimulus in the room - 12m
- Attends to own choice of activity, quite rigid and inflexible, 1 activity at a time - 18m
- Remains rigid & inflexible, 7m sustained attention to activities not of his/her own choice - 2y
- Can attend to adults choice of activity for increasing periods - 2.5y
- Still single chanelled but child can control own focus and shift from listening to doing, 13m of sustained attention - 4y
- Chanelled attention, able to listen and do at same time, can ignore irrelevant information, 15m of sustained attention - 5y
What things may cause speech delay?
Hearing problems
Mouth movements - oral dyspraxia
General developmental delay
Specific language disorder
Neglect - lack of stimulation in environment
What are some definite developmental red flags?
- Loss of developmental skills (may indicate neuromuscular dx)
- Not smiling/fixing/following at 2m
- Hand preference before 1y (may indicate hemiplegia)
- Head circumference >99.6th or <0.4th centile
- Not walking at 18m (if male do CPK)
- Not talking at 18m
- Parental concern esp hearing
- Experience HV or teacher not happy with child
In these situations - refer!
Before what age can you not diagnose autism?
3y
Before what age can you not diagnose ADHD?
6y
What are the potential pitfalls that may cause children to seem like they have an organic cause of developmental delay?
Bottom shufflers (wait longer before Ix, it runs in families)
Small developmentally delayed child
Parental information (often exagerated)
Ill/tired child (e.g. can’t be bothered doing test)
Child of mother with PND
Deprived, disadvantaged, neglected, abused
Preterm
What must you do when assessing the developmental milestones of premature babies?
Correct for prematuring until 2y
What is screening?
Screening is applied to a population who have no manifestations of a disorder in order to separate out thoe at higher risk from those at lower risk
For what conditions is screening carried out?
Conditions in which early intervention is an effective way of improving a child’s development
What is the current screening of children in the UK?
- Newborn
- 5-6 days
- 6-8 weeks
- 24 months
- 4 years
- 5 years
What is done at newborn screening?
Physical examination, esp eyes, heart, hips
What is done at 5-6d screening?
Guthrie test
Hearing screen
What is done at the 6-8w screening?
Physical examination
What is done at the 24m screening?
Developmental review by HV
What is done at the 4y screening?
Orthopotist assessment of vision
What is done at the screening at 5y?
Height, weight, hearing by school nurse
What does the Guthrie test test for?
Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, maple syrup urine disease, PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, homocystinuria, MCADD, IVA, GA1
How common is learning disability?
Affects 1-3% of children
What is the WHO definition of disability?
A state of arrested, or incomplete, development of mind
Significant impairment of intellectual functioning (IQ) or significant impairment of social functioning (autism)
MUST be present from childhood, not acquired following trauma/illness as an adult
How are learning disabilities classified?
By IQ:
See table
Educational terminology has divided LD into mild (IQ 70-75) and severe (IQ <50)
Must consider social function, strengths and weaknesses as opposed to IQ alone.
What are the groups of causes of LDs?
Genetic
Intrauterine
Perinatal
Postnatal
What are the genetic causes of LD?
Down’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberosclerosis
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Fragile X syndrome
PKU
What are the intrauterine causes of LDs?
Rubella
CMV
Foetal alcohol syndrome
Phenytoin
Microencephaly
What are the perinatal causes of LDs?
Birth asphyxia
VLBW
Intracranial haemorrhage
What are the post-natal causes of LDs?
Shaken baby syndrome
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Head injury
Iodine deficiency (leading cause world wide)
Cretinism (hypothyroidism acquired in childhood)
Lead poisoning
