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Paediatrics > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What ages are regarded as neonates?

A

<4wks

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2
Q

What ages are regarded as infants?

A

<12m

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3
Q

What ages are considered toddlers?

A

1-2y

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4
Q

What age is considered preschool?

A

2-5y

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5
Q

What is involved in early development?

A

Gaining functional skills from birth to 5y via cell growth, migration, connection pruning and myelination (use it or lose it)

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6
Q

What is involved in development in school?

A

Cognitive and thought development (early skills refined)

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7
Q

What are the 5 key areas of development?

A 
Gross motor
Fine motor
Speech and language 
Hearing and vision 
Social and self-help
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8
Q

What are the red flags for poor development?

A 
No social smile by 2m 
Not sitting up unsupported by 9 months 
Not walking unsupported by 18 months
No words by 2 years
Loss of skills
Hearing loss/low muscle tone/asymmetric muscle tone
OFC >99.6th/<0.4th decile
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9
Q

What should you do if there is a red flag in development?

A

Refer for further assessment

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10
Q

What are milestones?

A

Key developmental skills

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11
Q

What must you do for premature babies when looking at the milestones?

A

Correct for prematurity until 2 years

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12
Q

What should an infant be able to do by 6-8wks?

A

Social smile

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13
Q

What should an infant be able to do by 8-9 months?

A

Sit readily without support

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14
Q

What should a child be able to do by 9 months?

A

Pincer grasp/look for objects if they fall out your hand

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15
Q

What should a toddler be able to do by 1?

A

Walk without help

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16
Q

What should a 21-24 month old be able to do?

A

Make sentences

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17
Q

What should a 3y old be able to do?

A

Draw circles

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18
Q

What should a 3.5y old be able to do?

A

Follow 3 simple instructions

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19
Q

What should a 4.5y old be able to do?

A

Draw person with 3 body parts

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20
Q

What are the things affecting childhood development?

A

Genetics, environment, positive childhood experience

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21
Q

What antenatal factors may influence development?

A

Infections - ToRCH

Toxins - alcohol/drugs/smoking/anti-epileptics

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22
Q

What post-natal factors may influence development?

A 
Infections (meningitis, encephalitis) 
Toxins (mercury, lead) 
Trauma (head injuries) 
Malnutrition (Folate, iron, vit D)
Metabolic (hypoglycaemia, hyponatriaemia) 
Maltreatment/understimulation/abuse
Maternal mental health
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23
Q

Who is involved in assessing development of a child?

A

Parents, family, HVs, nursery, doctors

24
Q

What kinds of delay can you have?

A

Global delay or specific developmental delay

25
Q

Give an example of a group that would get extra assessment of their development?

A

Premature babies

26
Q

What are some factors that may make some children look like they have developmental delay when they don’t?

A

Normal early/late development

Bilinguial families etc.

27
Q

What is involved in the healthy child programme?

A

Red book
Health promotion
Developmental screening
Immunisation

28
Q

What is screened for on the day 5 blood spot?

A

PKU, CHT, CF, MCADD, sickle cell

29
Q

What are all newborn babies given?

A

Vit K to prevent haemorrhagic diseas eof the newborn

30
Q

When is the hearing assessment done?

A

By 28th day

31
Q

What is the first review and what is done?

A

6-8wk review
Identification, feeding, parental concerns, development, measurements (OFC, length, wt), Ex of heart, testes, genitalia, femoral pulses, eyes, sleeping position (supine, prone, side)
Maternal mental health

32
Q

When is the second review done and what is involved?

A

27-30m review
Identification, development (social, behaviour, attention, emotion, communication, speech, language, gross/fine motor, vision/hearing & measurements again

33
Q

When is orthoptist screening done?

A

4-5y

34
Q

What is involved in health promotion?

A

Alcohol/drugs/smoking, nutrition, safety, dental health, support services

35
Q

How do you monitor growth in children?

A

WHO growth chart or UK growth chart

36
Q

When do you start measuring height as opposed to length?

A

2y

37
Q

What is a normal birth weight, length + OFC?

A

3.3kg, 50cm, 35cm

38
Q

What is a normal 4m weight, length?

A

6.6kg, 60cm

39
Q

What is a normal 1y weight, length and OFC?

A

10kg, 75cm, 45cm

40
Q

What is a normal 3y weight, length?

A

15kg, 95cm

41
Q

What is failure to thrive?

A

Child growing too slowly in form/function for age

42
Q

What does FFT mean?

A

Supply of energy < demand for energy

43
Q

What are the factors that can cause FFT?

A

Maternal: poor lactation/incorrect feeding
Infant: prem, cleft palate, cerebral palsy, genetic
Inc metabolic demands, e.g. lung/heart/liver/lung problem, infection, anaemia, IBD, malignancy etc.
Excessive nutrient loss, e.g. GO reflux, pyloric stenosis, GE, coeliac, pancreatic insufficiency etc.
Non-organic: poverty, dysfunctional family, lack of parental support, child neglect etc.

44
Q

What should be your approach to FFT?

A

Hx: presenting symptoms, dietary assessment, birth/family/social
Ex: height/length/OFC, dysmorphic features, development
Trial feed in hospital (observed feeding, handing, dieitican/SALT input)
Good intake + wt gain –> non-organic
Good intake + no wt gain –> organic
Bad intake –> organic, non-organic, feeding disorder

45
Q

What are the important things to remember about vaccinating children?

A

Don’t correct for prems
No live vaccines, e.g. MMR for immunocomp (except HIV)
Post-pone if unwell

46
Q

When do you give your DtaP, IPV, Hib, Hep B vaccination?

A

2 months, 3 months, 4 months

47
Q

When do you get your PCV vaccination?

A

2 months, 4 months, 12 months

48
Q

When do you get your MenB vaccination?

A

2 months, 4 months, 12 months

49
Q

When do you get your rotavirus vaccination?

A

2 months

50
Q

When do you get your Hib/MenC vaccination?

A

12 months

51
Q

When do you start getting influenza vaccinations?

A

12 months

52
Q

When do your get your MMR vaccinations?

A

12 months, 3y 4m

53
Q

When do you get your DtaP/IPV vaccination?

A

3y 4m

54
Q

When do girls get their HPV vaccination?

A

12-13y

55
Q

What strains of HPV does the vaccine immunise against?

A

Oncogenic strains - 16 and 18

Viral warts - 6 and 11

56
Q

What vaccines do you get at 14y?

A

Td/IPV (tetanus, diptheria, polio)

MenACWY

57
Q

What other vaccines may those from outside UK get?

A

BCG if from high risk TB country

Paediatrics (35 decks)

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