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Paediatrics > Other things not covered > Flashcards

Other things not covered Flashcards

1
Q

What may difficulty of a child to see the blackboard be?

A

Severe myopia

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2
Q

What make cause delayed walking problems?

A

Cerebral palsy

Congenital myopathy

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3
Q

What is the most common facial malformation?

A

Cleft lip and palate

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4
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of the fronto-nasal and maxillary processes to fuse

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5
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A

Failure of the palatine processes and the nasal septum to fuse

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6
Q

What are the causes of orofacial clefts?

A

Genetic
Benzodiazepines
Anti-epileptics
Rubella

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7
Q

How might you prevent cleft lip/palate in a pregnant mother who already had an affected child?

A

Quit smoking
5mg/day folic acid
Multivitamins

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8
Q

How do you manage cleft lip/palate?

A

Feeding with special teat before plastic surgery
Lip repair at 3m
Palate repair at 6m

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9
Q

What complications are associated with cleft lip/palate?

A

Otitis media
Aspiration
Poor speech

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10
Q

What causes neural tube defects?

A

Failure of closure of neural tube between 3rd and 4th week of development

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11
Q

What are the main risk factors for having a child with a NTD?

A 
Maternal folate deficiency
Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency
Previous history of having an infant with a neural tube defect
Smoking,
Diabetes,
Obesity,
Anti-epileptics
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12
Q

Who should be taking folic acid during pregnancy?

A

Every pregnant woman up to 12w (400 microg)

Higher dose for those at more risk of NTD (5mg)

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13
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Incomplete vertebral arch (spina bifida occulta is covered by skin)

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14
Q

What is an encephalocele?

A

Where the brain or its coverings poket through the skull

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15
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Absent skull vault and cerebral cortex

It is fatal

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16
Q

What is a myelocele?

A

Nerves lie on surface of back without meninges or covering skin

17
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

Meninges protrude through a spinal defect and form a fluid filled sac

18
Q

What might clicking of the hip in a newborn indicate?

A

Congenital dislocated hip

19
Q

What are the four types of nappy rash?

A
  1. Ammonia dermatitis - red desquamating rash, sparing skin folds, due to MOISTURE retention
  2. Candida/thrush - satellite spots beyond main rash
  3. Seborrhoeic dermatitis - diffuse, red, shiny rash extending into skin folds tends to occur in other seborrheic areas, e.g. cradle cap
  4. Psoriasis like scaly plaques
20
Q

How do you Rx nappy rash?

A

Leave nappy off, barrier cream (e.g. sudocrem), if candida suspected + clotrimazole

21
Q

How common is obesity in 7 year olds?

A

7%

22
Q

How common is obesity in 11 year olds?

A

20%

15% overweight too

23
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Imbalance between energy intake and expenditure

24
Q

What are some of the causes of obesity?

A

Diet - fast/processed foods
Exercise (lack of)
Sleep deprivation
Socioeconomic brackground (lower levels of parental education as well)
Genetics (obese parents more likely to have obese children)
Medication

25
Q

Give examples of medication that can lead to weight gain

A

Sodium valproate
Carbamazepine
Mitrazipine
Steroids

26
Q

What are some medical causes of obesity?

A

Hypothyroidism
Prader-Willi syndrome
Cushing’s
Growth hormone deficiency

27
Q

What things must you screen for in an obese child?

A

Co-morbs, e.g. HTN, diabetes, lipids

28
Q

How much should kids exercise per day?

A

60m moderate exercise

29
Q

What are the medium term consequences of childhood obesity?

A

T2DM, sleep apnoea, orthopaedic problems, NAFLD, psychosocial problems, PCOS, vit D deficiency

30
Q

What are the long term consequences of childhood obesity?

A

Atherosclerosis, early onset CV dx, cancers, subfertility, HTN

31
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear inflammation

32
Q

How does AOM present?

A

Rapid onset of pain, fever, irritability, anorexia, vomiting after an URTI

33
Q

What organisms tend to cause AOM?

A

Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Moraxella, other staphs and streps

34
Q

What causes the pain in AOM?

A

Bulging of the tympanic membrane, pain is relieved when membrane ruptures

35
Q

How do you Mx AOM?

A

Analgesia
Antibiotics if systemically unwell, immunocompromised or no improvement in 4 days or if <3m old, <2yo with bilateral AOM
(Amoxicillin)

36
Q

What is glue ear?

A

Effusion present in middle ear after regression of symptoms of AOM

37
Q

What is the most common presentation of glue ear in kids?

A

Hearing impairment noticed by parents

38
Q

What is the actual problem with glue ear?

A

Functional impairment of the Eustachian tubes

39
Q

How can you manage glue ear?

A

3 month observation period
Autoinflation of Eustachian tube during this period may help
Grommets

Paediatrics (35 decks)

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