Other things not covered Flashcards

1
Q

What may difficulty of a child to see the blackboard be?

A

Severe myopia

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2
Q

What make cause delayed walking problems?

A

Cerebral palsy

Congenital myopathy

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3
Q

What is the most common facial malformation?

A

Cleft lip and palate

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4
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of the fronto-nasal and maxillary processes to fuse

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5
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A

Failure of the palatine processes and the nasal septum to fuse

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6
Q

What are the causes of orofacial clefts?

A

Genetic
Benzodiazepines
Anti-epileptics
Rubella

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7
Q

How might you prevent cleft lip/palate in a pregnant mother who already had an affected child?

A

Quit smoking
5mg/day folic acid
Multivitamins

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8
Q

How do you manage cleft lip/palate?

A

Feeding with special teat before plastic surgery
Lip repair at 3m
Palate repair at 6m

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9
Q

What complications are associated with cleft lip/palate?

A

Otitis media
Aspiration
Poor speech

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10
Q

What causes neural tube defects?

A

Failure of closure of neural tube between 3rd and 4th week of development

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11
Q

What are the main risk factors for having a child with a NTD?

A
Maternal folate deficiency
Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency
Previous history of having an infant with a neural tube defect
Smoking,
Diabetes,
Obesity,
Anti-epileptics
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12
Q

Who should be taking folic acid during pregnancy?

A

Every pregnant woman up to 12w (400 microg)

Higher dose for those at more risk of NTD (5mg)

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13
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Incomplete vertebral arch (spina bifida occulta is covered by skin)

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14
Q

What is an encephalocele?

A

Where the brain or its coverings poket through the skull

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15
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Absent skull vault and cerebral cortex

It is fatal

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16
Q

What is a myelocele?

A

Nerves lie on surface of back without meninges or covering skin

17
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

Meninges protrude through a spinal defect and form a fluid filled sac

18
Q

What might clicking of the hip in a newborn indicate?

A

Congenital dislocated hip

19
Q

What are the four types of nappy rash?

A
  1. Ammonia dermatitis - red desquamating rash, sparing skin folds, due to MOISTURE retention
  2. Candida/thrush - satellite spots beyond main rash
  3. Seborrhoeic dermatitis - diffuse, red, shiny rash extending into skin folds tends to occur in other seborrheic areas, e.g. cradle cap
  4. Psoriasis like scaly plaques
20
Q

How do you Rx nappy rash?

A

Leave nappy off, barrier cream (e.g. sudocrem), if candida suspected + clotrimazole

21
Q

How common is obesity in 7 year olds?

22
Q

How common is obesity in 11 year olds?

A

20%

15% overweight too

23
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Imbalance between energy intake and expenditure

24
Q

What are some of the causes of obesity?

A

Diet - fast/processed foods
Exercise (lack of)
Sleep deprivation
Socioeconomic brackground (lower levels of parental education as well)
Genetics (obese parents more likely to have obese children)
Medication

25
Give examples of medication that can lead to weight gain
Sodium valproate Carbamazepine Mitrazipine Steroids
26
What are some medical causes of obesity?
Hypothyroidism Prader-Willi syndrome Cushing's Growth hormone deficiency
27
What things must you screen for in an obese child?
Co-morbs, e.g. HTN, diabetes, lipids
28
How much should kids exercise per day?
60m moderate exercise
29
What are the medium term consequences of childhood obesity?
T2DM, sleep apnoea, orthopaedic problems, NAFLD, psychosocial problems, PCOS, vit D deficiency
30
What are the long term consequences of childhood obesity?
Atherosclerosis, early onset CV dx, cancers, subfertility, HTN
31
What is otitis media?
Middle ear inflammation
32
How does AOM present?
Rapid onset of pain, fever, irritability, anorexia, vomiting after an URTI
33
What organisms tend to cause AOM?
Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Moraxella, other staphs and streps
34
What causes the pain in AOM?
Bulging of the tympanic membrane, pain is relieved when membrane ruptures
35
How do you Mx AOM?
Analgesia Antibiotics if systemically unwell, immunocompromised or no improvement in 4 days or if <3m old, <2yo with bilateral AOM (Amoxicillin)
36
What is glue ear?
Effusion present in middle ear after regression of symptoms of AOM
37
What is the most common presentation of glue ear in kids?
Hearing impairment noticed by parents
38
What is the actual problem with glue ear?
Functional impairment of the Eustachian tubes
39
How can you manage glue ear?
3 month observation period Autoinflation of Eustachian tube during this period may help Grommets