Y2: MSK (AI GENERATED)

Question 1

What are the three main classes of joints?

Answer 1

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 2

How do fibrous joints differ from cartilaginous and synovial joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue and allow little to no movement, while cartilaginous and synovial joints allow varying degrees of movement.

Question 3

Describe the functional anatomy of the glenohumeral joint.

Answer 3

The glenohumeral joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. It allows a wide range of motion but sacrifices stability for mobility.

Question 4

What are the major arteries and veins supplying the shoulder, arm, and elbow?

Answer 4

The major arteries are the axillary artery and its branches, while the major veins are the axillary and brachial veins.

Question 5

How do you recognize and test for functional integrity in brachial plexus injuries?

Answer 5

Brachial plexus injuries can lead to motor and sensory deficits in the upper limb. Testing for integrity involves assessing muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes in affected areas.

Question 6

Describe the layers of the skin and their functions.

Answer 6

The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis provides a protective barrier, the dermis contains nerves and blood vessels, and the hypodermis stores fat and regulates temperature.

Question 7

What are the main cell types found in the epidermis?

Answer 7

The main cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

Question 8

Explain the importance of the deep fascia of the thigh.

Answer 8

The deep fascia of the thigh provides structural support and compartmentalization for the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the thigh.

Question 9

Describe the functional anatomy of the knee joint and its locking mechanism.

Answer 9

The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint formed by the femur, tibia, and patella. It is stabilized by ligaments and muscles, and its locking mechanism involves the rotation of the femur on the tibia during extension.

Question 10

What are the major nerves supplying the lower limb?

Answer 10

The major nerves include the femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, common fibular (peroneal), sural, and saphenous nerves.

Question 11

Describe the arches of the foot and their maintenance.

Answer 11

The foot has longitudinal and transverse arches supported by bones, ligaments, and muscles. These arches distribute body weight, absorb shock, and provide flexibility and stability during locomotion.

Question 12

Explain the function of the “muscle pump” in the lower limb.

Answer 12

The “muscle pump” refers to the contraction of leg muscles during movement, which helps propel blood back to the heart against gravity, aiding venous return and preventing blood pooling in the lower limbs.

Question 13

What is the developmental origin of the somites and their contribution to the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 13

Somites are embryonic structures that give rise to various musculoskeletal components, including bones, muscles, and dermis. They contribute to the segmentation of the vertebral column and the formation of skeletal muscles.

Question 14

What are the molecular signals involved in patterning the developing musculoskeletal system?

Answer 14

Molecular signals such as BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins), FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors), and Wnts (Wingless-related integration site proteins) play crucial roles in patterning the developing musculoskeletal system.

Question 15

How does the adult dermatome relate to its embryonic origin in the somites?

Answer 15

Dermatomes are areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve. They derive from specific segments of somites during embryonic development, maintaining a segmental pattern along the body.

Question 16

Describe limb formation in the embryo with respect to muscle differentiation and innervation.

Answer 16

Limb formation involves the differentiation of mesodermal cells into muscles and the establishment of nerve connections for innervation. Initially, limb buds form, followed by the differentiation of muscles and the extension of nerves to provide motor and sensory function.

Question 17

What are the boundaries and contents of the axilla?

Answer 17

The axilla is bounded by the upper thoracic wall, the upper limb, and the lateral chest wall. It contains axillary lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves, and fat.

Question 18

What are the anatomical features of the brachial plexus?

Answer 18

The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. It divides into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches, supplying motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb.

Question 19

Describe the functional anatomy of the wrist and hand joints.

Answer 19

The wrist joint is a condyloid joint formed by the radius, ulna, and carpal bones. The hand has multiple joints, including the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, allowing for a wide range of movements.

Question 20

What are the retinacula and tendon sheaths of the wrist and hand?

Answer 20

Retinacula are bands of connective tissue that hold tendons in place around joints. Tendon sheaths are synovial-lined tubes that surround tendons, reducing friction during movement.

Question 21

What are the major arteries and veins supplying the forearm and hand?

Answer 21

The major arteries include the radial and ulnar arteries, while the major veins include the radial and ulnar veins. These vessels provide blood supply to the forearm and hand.

Question 22

How do injuries to the radial, ulnar, and median nerves affect motor and sensory function, and how can their functional integrity be tested?

Answer 22

Injuries to these nerves can result in weakness, numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in specific areas of the upper limb. Testing involves assessing muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes, along with specific maneuvers targeting the function of these nerves.

Question 23

Describe the function of the integument and its main layers.

Answer 23

The integument acts as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and microbial insults, regulates temperature, and provides sensation. Its main layers include the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Question 24

List the main cell types found in the epidermis and explain their roles.

Answer 24

The main cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Keratinocytes produce keratin for skin strength and waterproofing, melanocytes produce melanin for UV protection, Langerhans cells are involved in immune responses, and Merkel cells function in sensory perception.

Question 25

Describe the functional anatomy of the hip joint and its stability.

Answer 25

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the femoral head with the acetabulum of the pelvis. Its stability is enhanced by the acetabular labrum, ligaments, and surrounding muscles.

Question 26

Explain the anatomical basis of tests assessing the integrity of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint.

Answer 26

Tests like the Lachman test and anterior drawer test assess the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), while the posterior drawer test assesses the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). These tests involve specific maneuvers to evaluate ligament laxity and stability.

Question 27

What are the motor and sensory functions of the femoral, obturator, and sciatic nerves?

Answer 27

The femoral nerve innervates muscles of the anterior thigh and skin of the anterior thigh and medial leg. The obturator nerve innervates muscles of the medial thigh and skin of the medial thigh. The sciatic nerve innervates muscles of the posterior thigh and entire lower limb (except for a few muscles and areas), as well as providing sensory innervation to corresponding areas.

Question 28

Describe the arches of the foot and their significance in weight-bearing and locomotion.

Answer 28

The foot has longitudinal and transverse arches formed by bony, ligamentous, and muscular structures. These arches distribute body weight, absorb shock, and provide flexibility and stability during locomotion.

Question 29

Explain the role of arterial anastomoses in the upper and lower limbs.

Answer 29

Arterial anastomoses provide alternative blood routes in case of arterial occlusion, ensuring adequate perfusion to tissues in the event of compromised blood flow.

Question 30

Describe the osteology and surface landmarks of the patella and its significance in knee joint function.

Answer 30

The patella, or kneecap, is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It articulates with the femur and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscle, enhancing knee extension. Surface landmarks include the apex, base, and medial and lateral borders.

Question 31

What are the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle and subtalar joints?

Answer 31

The ankle joint allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements and is formed by the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and talus. The subtalar joint allows inversion and eversion movements and is formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus. These joints play crucial roles in weight-bearing, stability, and locomotion.

Question 32

Describe the boundaries and contents of the popliteal fossa and their clinical relevance.

Answer 32

The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped space located posterior to the knee joint. It contains important neurovascular structures such as the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, and lymph nodes. Clinically, it serves as a site for assessing peripheral pulses and conducting nerve conduction studies.

Question 33

Explain the role of the “muscle pump” and perforating veins in venous return from the lower limb.

Answer 33

The “muscle pump” refers to the contraction of leg muscles during movement, which helps propel blood back to the heart against gravity, aiding venous return and preventing blood pooling in the lower limbs. Perforating veins contain one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood and help direct blood flow from superficial to deep venous systems, aiding venous return and maintaining circulation efficiency.

Question 34

Describe the actions, attachments, and innervations of the muscles of the gluteal region and anterior, medial, and posterior thigh.

Answer 34

Muscles in the gluteal region, anterior, medial, and posterior thigh contribute to various movements such as hip extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, and knee extension. They attach to specific bony landmarks and receive innervation from nerves originating from the lumbar and sacral plexuses.

Question 35

How does the anatomical arrangement of the tibial, common fibular (peroneal), sural, and saphenous nerves contribute to sensory innervation in the lower limb?

Answer 35

The tibial, common fibular (peroneal), sural, and saphenous nerves innervate specific areas of the lower limb, providing sensation to the sole of the foot, lateral aspect of the leg and foot, posterior aspect of the leg and foot, and medial aspect of the leg and foot, respectively. Their distribution follows distinct anatomical patterns, contributing to comprehensive sensory innervation of the lower limb.