Y1: Head and Neck

Question 1

Describe the anatomy of the oral cavity and pharynx.

Answer 1

The oral cavity includes the lips, cheeks, palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth. The pharynx consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 2

Describe the functional anatomy, muscles, and innervation of the tongue.

Answer 2

The tongue is composed of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Intrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s shape, while extrinsic muscles move it. Innervation is mainly provided by the hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Question 3

Describe the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Answer 3

The temporomandibular joint connects the jaw to the skull. It involves the mandibular condyle, temporal bone, and an articular disc. It allows for jaw movements during activities like mastication.

Question 4

Explain the movements and muscles involved in mastication.

Answer 4

Mastication involves jaw movements like elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction. Muscles such as the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid are essential for chewing.

Question 5

Identify and describe the main groups of pharyngeal muscles and their action during swallowing.

Answer 5

Pharyngeal muscles include the superior, middle, and inferior constrictors. They contract sequentially during swallowing to propel food from the mouth to the esophagus.

Question 6

Identify the five layers of the scalp, from the skin to the periosteum.

Answer 6

The layers of the scalp are: 1) Skin, 2) Connective tissue, 3) Aponeurosis, 4) Loose areolar tissue, and 5) Pericranium (periosteum).

Question 7

Describe the major bones that make up the skull.

Answer 7

The skull comprises the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, along with the mandible and maxilla.

Question 8

Identify the major features of the internal cranial cavity.

Answer 8

Internal cranial features include the nasal cavity, sinuses, three cranial fossae (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the foramen magnum.

Question 9

Recognize the main lobes of the brain and the role of the meninges.

Answer 9

The main brain lobes are frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) protect and support the brain.

Question 10

Describe the structure and function and main features of the nasal cavity.

Answer 10

The nasal cavity extends from the anterior nostrils to the posterior choanae. It warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air. Key features include nasal conchae and meatuses.

Question 11

Describe the location and function of the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 11

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities connected to the nasal cavity. They lighten the skull, provide resonance to the voice, and contribute to skull structure.

Question 12

Locate and identify the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 12

Paranasal sinuses include the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.

Question 13

Identify and recall the divisions of the pharynx.

Answer 13

The pharynx has three divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 14

Locate and describe the functional anatomy of the larynx.

Answer 14

The larynx is in the neck, connecting the pharynx to the trachea. It houses the vocal cords and participates in speech and breathing.

Question 15

Locate the pharynx and describe its divisions and content.

Answer 15

The pharynx is in the throat and consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It serves as a passageway for air and food.

Question 16

Identify and describe each of the cartilages that make up the larynx and the relative membranes and ligaments.

Answer 16

Laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages. Membranes and ligaments support their structure and function.

Question 17

Within the larynx, locate and describe the structure of the true and false vocal cords and their function.

Answer 17

True vocal cords produce sound, while false vocal cords aid in closing the glottis during swallowing to prevent aspiration.

Question 18

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx and their innervation.

Answer 18

Intrinsic muscles control vocal cord tension and length, while extrinsic muscles move the larynx. Innervation is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (X).

Question 19

Describe the functional anatomy of the thyroid gland.

Answer 19

The thyroid gland is in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

Question 20

Describe the anatomical triangles of the neck, including their divisions, boundaries, and contents.

Answer 20

Neck triangles include the anterior triangle (subdivided into carotid, muscular, and submandibular triangles) and the posterior triangle. They contain various structures, including blood vessels and nerves.

Question 21

Describe the anatomy of the oral cavity and pharynx.

Answer 21

The oral cavity includes the lips, cheeks, palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth. The pharynx consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 22

Describe the functional anatomy, muscles, and innervation of the tongue.

Answer 22

The tongue is composed of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Intrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s shape, while extrinsic muscles move it. Innervation is mainly provided by the hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Question 23

Describe the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Answer 23

The temporomandibular joint connects the jaw to the skull. It involves the mandibular condyle, temporal bone, and an articular disc. It allows for jaw movements during activities like mastication.

Question 24

Explain the movements and muscles involved in mastication.

Answer 24

Mastication involves jaw movements like elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction. Muscles such as the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid are essential for chewing.

Question 25

Identify and describe the main groups of pharyngeal muscles and their action during swallowing.

Answer 25

Pharyngeal muscles include the superior, middle, and inferior constrictors. They contract sequentially during swallowing to propel food from the mouth to the esophagus.

Question 26

Identify the five layers of the scalp, from the skin to the periosteum.

Answer 26

The layers of the scalp are: 1) Skin, 2) Connective tissue, 3) Aponeurosis, 4) Loose areolar tissue, and 5) Pericranium (periosteum).

Question 27

Describe the major bones that make up the skull.

Answer 27

The skull comprises the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, along with the mandible and maxilla.

Question 28

Identify the major features of the internal cranial cavity.

Answer 28

Internal cranial features include the nasal cavity, sinuses, three cranial fossae (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the foramen magnum.

Question 29

Recognize the main lobes of the brain and the role of the meninges.

Answer 29

The main brain lobes are frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) protect and support the brain.

Question 30

Describe the structure and function and main features of the nasal cavity.

Answer 30

The nasal cavity extends from the anterior nostrils to the posterior choanae. It warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air. Key features include nasal conchae and meatuses.

Question 31

Describe the location and function of the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 31

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities connected to the nasal cavity. They lighten the skull, provide resonance to the voice, and contribute to skull structure.

Question 32

Locate and identify the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 32

Paranasal sinuses include the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.

Question 33

Identify and recall the divisions of the pharynx.

Answer 33

The pharynx has three divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 34

Locate and describe the functional anatomy of the larynx.

Answer 34

The larynx is in the neck, connecting the pharynx to the trachea. It houses the vocal cords and participates in speech and breathing.

Question 35

Locate the pharynx and describe its divisions and content.

Answer 35

The pharynx is in the throat and consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It serves as a passageway for air and food.

Question 36

Identify and describe each of the cartilages that make up the larynx and the relative membranes and ligaments.

Answer 36

Laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages. Membranes and ligaments support their structure and function.

Question 37

Within the larynx, locate and describe the structure of the true and false vocal cords and their function.

Answer 37

True vocal cords produce sound, while false vocal cords aid in closing the glottis during swallowing to prevent aspiration.

Question 38

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx and their innervation.

Answer 38

Intrinsic muscles control vocal cord tension and length, while extrinsic muscles move the larynx. Innervation is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (X).

Question 39

Describe the functional anatomy of the thyroid gland.

Answer 39

The thyroid gland is in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

Question 40

Describe the anatomical triangles of the neck, including their divisions, boundaries, and contents.

Answer 40

Neck triangles include the anterior triangle (subdivided into carotid, muscular, and submandibular triangles) and the posterior triangle. They contain various structures, including blood vessels and nerves.