Y1: Abdomen Flashcards
What are the anatomy, innervation, and functions of the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
The muscles of the posterior abdominal wall include the psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and the diaphragm. They are innervated by branches of the lumbar plexus and serve various functions such as flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the trunk, as well as maintaining posture and assisting in respiration.
What is the surface anatomy of the abdomen?
The surface anatomy of the abdomen is marked by various bony landmarks, such as the xiphoid process, costal margins, and iliac crests. Additionally, the umbilicus serves as a landmark for abdominal regions, including the epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric regions.
How does the lumbar plexus originate on the posterior abdominal wall, and what are the major branches formed from it?
The lumbar plexus originates from the ventral rami of the first four lumbar nerves on the posterior abdominal wall. Its major branches include the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and lateral cutaneous nerves of the thigh, among others.
Describe the position and functional anatomy of the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and ureters.
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located in the superior lumbar region, with the right kidney slightly lower than the left due to the liver. The suprarenal glands sit superior to each kidney. The ureters originate from the renal pelvis, descending along the psoas major muscle to enter the pelvis.
What is the gross and functional anatomy of the bladder, including its peritoneal relations and innervation concerning micturition?
The bladder is a hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity. It is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from S2-S4, facilitating detrusor muscle contraction during micturition. It is extraperitoneal, except for its superior portion covered by peritoneum.
What is the anatomy of the urethra, distinguishing between male and female in relation to catheterization?
The male urethra is longer and traverses the prostate gland and penis, while the female urethra is shorter and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. Male urethral catheterization requires navigating through the penile urethra, while female catheterization is more straightforward.
What are the bony and cartilaginous landmarks visible or palpable on abdominal examination, and what is their clinical significance?
Bony landmarks such as the xiphoid process, pubic symphysis, and iliac crests are palpable during abdominal examination. They aid in localizing abdominal organs and assessing for abnormalities such as masses or tenderness.
Describe the anatomy, vasculature, innervation, and functions of the muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal walls, including the rectus sheath.
The anterior and lateral abdominal walls contain muscles such as the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis. They are innervated by intercostal nerves and serve to flex and rotate the trunk, compress abdominal contents, and aid in forced expiration.
What is the anatomy of the inguinal ligament and inguinal canal in males and females?
The inguinal ligament extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. In males, the inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord, while in females, it contains the round ligament of the uterus.
Describe the contents, walls, and superficial and deep rings of the inguinal canal.
The inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females. It is bounded by anterior and posterior walls and has superficial and deep rings through which these structures pass.
How do inguinal hernias develop, and what is the anatomy and clinical presentation of such hernias?
Inguinal hernias develop when abdominal contents protrude through the inguinal canal due to weakened abdominal walls. They can present as a bulge or lump in the groin and may cause discomfort or pain, especially with straining.
What is the structure of the abdominal and peritoneal cavity, including the anatomy of the greater and lesser sacs?
The abdominal cavity is a space bordered by the abdominal muscles and diaphragm, housing abdominal organs. The greater sac is the primary portion of the peritoneal cavity, while the lesser sac (omentum bursa) lies posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum.
Describe the peritoneum, including visceral and parietal peritoneum.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers organs, while the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity.
What are the organization, innervation, development, and clinical significance of the parietal and visceral peritoneum, mesenteries, and peritoneal ‘ligaments’ and recesses?
The parietal peritoneum is innervated by somatic nerves, allowing for localization of pain. Mesenteries suspend organs and contain vessels and nerves. Peritoneal ligaments connect organs to the abdominal wall. Peritoneal recesses are potential spaces where fluid may accumulate.
Describe the functional anatomy of the small and large bowel mesenteries, including their structure, location, and contents.
The mesentery supports and provides vascular supply to the small intestine, while the mesocolon supports the large intestine. They contain vessels, lymphatics, and nerves crucial for intestinal function.
