Y1: Thorax Flashcards
Describe the position, functional anatomy, and vasculature of the gall bladder and biliary tree; explain their relations in the abdomen.
The gall bladder is situated on the undersurface of the liver, while the biliary tree includes the hepatic ducts, cystic duct, and common bile duct, forming a network that transports bile.
Explain the vasculature of the gall bladder and biliary tree.
The blood supply to the gall bladder comes from the cystic artery, a branch of the right hepatic artery. The biliary tree is mainly supplied by the hepatic artery and drained by the hepatic portal vein.
What are the clinical implications of inflammation of the biliary system?
Inflammation may lead to cholecystitis, causing pain, infection, and complications. Timely intervention is crucial to prevent severe consequences.
Explain the clinical significance of gallstones.
Gallstones can obstruct bile flow, causing pain, inflammation, and complications like jaundice and pancreatitis. Management involves removal or dissolution of stones.
Describe the major arteries and veins in the upper limb.
Arteries include the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. Veins include the subclavian, axillary, and brachial veins.
Name the major arteries and veins in the lower limb.
Arteries include the femoral and popliteal arteries. Veins include the femoral and popliteal veins.
Summarize the course of the ascending, arch, and descending aorta. Name their major branches.
The ascending aorta supplies the coronary arteries. The arch gives off the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries. The descending thoracic and abdominal aorta supply various branches.
Describe the course and major relations of the thoracic duct. Explain lymph drainage within the thorax and its clinical significance.
The thoracic duct runs along the vertebral column, draining lymph from the lower body and left upper body into the left subclavian vein. Its blockage can lead to lymphedema and compromised immune function.
Describe the distribution and function of the sympathetic chains and thoracic splanchnic nerves.
Sympathetic chains run along the vertebral column, controlling various functions like vasoconstriction and pupil dilation. Thoracic splanchnic nerves transmit sympathetic fibers to abdominal organs.
Summarize the origin, course, and distribution of the vagus and phrenic nerves. Name the divisions of esophageal, cardiac, and pulmonary plexuses.
Vagus nerves control visceral functions, phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, and plexuses regulate functions in respective areas.
Summarize the boundaries of the thoracic inlet and outlet, the structures passing through them, and their relations.
The thoracic inlet is bound by the first thoracic vertebra, first pair of ribs, and manubrium. Outlet is formed by the 12th thoracic vertebra, 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, and xiphisternal joint. Structures passing through include vessels and nerves.
Summarize the main features and joints of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
Thoracic vertebrae have costal facets, ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae and sternum forming costovertebral and costosternal joints.
Summarize the structure and organization of the pectoral region and breast. Recall the attachments and neurovascular supply of pectoral muscles.
The pectoral region houses the breast and pectoral muscles. The pectoralis major attaches to the clavicle, sternum, and ribs, innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves.
Summarize the movements of the chest wall during respiration. Explain the functional anatomy of the intercostal muscles.
Chest wall movements involve contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles. External intercostals aid in inspiration, internal intercostals assist in expiration.
Summarize how skeletal and soft tissue structures in the thorax relate to the mechanism of breathing.
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during inspiration, expanding the thoracic cavity. Expiration involves relaxation of these muscles, leading to thoracic cavity contraction.
Summarize the identification of a neurovascular bundle in a typical intercostal space and outline the structures its components supply.
The neurovascular bundle includes an intercostal vein, artery, and nerve, supplying muscles, skin, and other tissues in the intercostal space.
Summarize the anatomy of the breast, including its neurovascular supply, lymphatic drainage, and clinical relevance to metastatic spread.
The breast receives blood supply from the internal mammary artery and drains into axillary lymph nodes. Understanding lymphatic drainage is crucial in assessing the risk of metastasis.
Summarize the arrangement and contents of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the mediastinum.
The superior mediastinum contains major vessels and nerves, anterior mediastinum houses thymus and lymph nodes, middle mediastinum contains the heart and roots of great vessels, and posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus, thoracic aorta, and thoracic duct.
Summarize the anatomy of the trachea, bronchial tree, and bronchopulmonary segments.
The trachea divides into bronchi, forming the bronchial tree. Bronchopulmonary segments are functional units of the lungs supplied by specific segmental bronchi and arteries.
