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PRE > X-Ray Production > Flashcards

X-Ray Production Flashcards

1
Q

How are x-ray photons produced?

A
  1. High speed electrons from the cathode strike the anode target
  2. Electrons transmit kinetic energy to the atoms of the target material
  3. Photons produced and emitted isotropically (in all directions)
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2
Q

Quantity (intensity) of the X-ray beam refers to the ____ of X-ray photons

A

Number of X-ray photons

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3
Q

mAs is the prime controller of

A

Quantity (intensity)

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4
Q

Quality is the ____ or penetrating ability of the X-ray beam

A

Energy

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5
Q

kvp is the prime controller of

A

Quality

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6
Q

Quality influences the number or _____ of the beam

A

Quantity

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7
Q

In general, with thicker or more dense body parts, we need to ____ the kvp to give the photons enough energy to penetrate the part

A

Increase

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8
Q

In general, with thicker or more dense body parts, we need to increase the kvp to give the (photons/electrons) _____ enough energy to penetrate the part

A

Photons

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9
Q

_____ the mAs will cause an increase in the number of electrons

A

Increasing (they are directly related)

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10
Q

Increasing the mAs will cause a/an ____ in the number of electrons

A

Increase (directly related)

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11
Q

Increasing the mAs will cause an increase in the number of _____ (photons/electrons)

A

Electrons

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12
Q

Decreasing the mAs will cause a ____ in the number of electrons

A

Decrease (directly related)

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13
Q

______ the mAs will cause a decrease in the number of electrons

A

Decreasing (directly related)

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14
Q

Decreasing the mAs will cause a decrease in the number of _____ (photons/electrons)

A

Electrons

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15
Q

kVp has _____ (what kind of effect) on the number of electrons

A

NO effect

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16
Q

kVp has NO EFFECT on the number of _____ (electrons/photons)

A

Electrons

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17
Q

kvp has NO effect on the _____ of electrons BUT does effect the SPEED of electrons

A

Number

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18
Q

Kvp DOES effect the _____ of the electron

A

Speed

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19
Q

Kvp DOES affect the speed of the ____ (electron/photon)

A

Electrons

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20
Q

Kvp _____ (does/does not) effect the speed of electrons

A

DOES

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21
Q

mAs and _____ (quantity/quality)

A

Quantity

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22
Q

kvp and _____ (quantity/quality)

A

Quality

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23
Q

What is the 15% rule?

A

Decreased by 15% = halving photons
Increased by 15% = doubling photons

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24
Q

mAs has ____ effect on the speed of electrons

A

NO effect

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25
mAs has no effect on the _____ of the electrons
Speed
26
mAs has NO EFFECT on the speed of the _____ (electrons/photons)
Electrons
27
Electrons go about _____ miles/sec
93,000 (about half the speed of light) Higher kvp = faster Lower kvp = slower
28
_____ (electrons/photons) go about 93,000 miles/sec
Electrons
29
Special distribution/emission spectrum CHART shows what?
Indicates # of X-ray photons and their energies
30
Increasing kVp increases the _____ energy and the _____ energy (quality)
Average energy and peak energy
31
Increasing kVp increases the ____ of the x-ray photons (quantity)
Number
32
Increasing mAs increases the _____ of photons (quantity)
Number
33
Increasing mAs ____ the number of xray photons (quantity)
Increases
34
Increasing kvp _____ the average energy and the peak energy (quality)
Increases
35
Increasing kvp _____ the number of xray photons (quantity)
Increases
36
More photons produce at every energy level when ____ is increased (kvp/mAs/both)
Both kvp and mAs
37
More ____ (photons/electrons) are produced at every energy level when both kvp and mAs are increased
Photons
38
Increasing mAs _____ (increases/decreases/does not affect) the quality (average energy and peak energy)
Does not affect
39
In an x-ray beam the average energy is ____% to ____% of peak energy
30-40%
40
Target interactions occur within ___ - ___ mm of the surface of the target
0.25 - 5 mm
41
Electrons often experience ____ or more interactions
1,000
42
_____ (photons/electrons) often experience 1,000 or more interactions
Electrons
43
Over ____ % of the energy off the incident electrons is converted to heat
99.8% or 99%
44
The higher the number in the nucleus the ___ (stronger/weaker) it is to bind
Stronger
45
What is Tungsten’s atomic number
74
46
What is rheniums atomic number
75
47
What is binding energy?
Defined as the energy required to remove an electron from its orbit
48
Binding energy is the energy required to remove a/an (photon/electron) _____ from its orbit
Electron
49
List two types of target interactions that can occur
Brems and characteristic
50
The electrons closest to the nucleus (____-shell) have a binding energy of 70 kev
K-shell
51
The electrons closest to the nucleus (k-shell) have a binding energy of ___ kev
70
52
The electrons farthest from the nucleus (____-shell) have the lowest binding energy of .02 kev
P-shell
53
The electrons farthest from the nucleus (p-shell) have the lowest energy of ____ kev
.02 kev
54
True or False The k-shell electron is much harder to remove than a p-shell electron
True
55
List 2 types of target interactions:
1. bremsstrahlung (brems) 2. Characteristic
56
What type of interaction is the majority of photons in the X-ray beam
Brems
57
High energy comes close to the nucleus, then slows down and goes on its way. The closer it gets the more energy it leaves = photons What am I?
Bremsstrahlung interaction
58
Majority of photons are created with _____ (brems/characteristic)
Bremsstrahlung
59
Occurs only when the incident electron interacts with an inner shell electron: ______ (brems/characteristic)
Characteristic Interaction
60
Incident electrons must have enough ____ to knock an inner shell electron from its orbit (characteristic interaction)
Energy
61
To stabilize, an electron from another shell will ____ (characteristic interactions)
Drop down filling the hole also known as characteristic cascade
62
What is characteristic cascade?
When an electron from another shell drops down filling the empty “hole” and repeats itself until all layers but the outer one are full
63
During X-ray production, almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to ___
Heat
64
What percentage of target interaction results in the production of X-ray photons?
1%
65
The transfer of the incident electrons kinetic energy to the outer-shell electrons, causing vibration of the outer-shell electron, results in the emission of ____
Infrared radiation
66
The types of target interaction that occur in the production of X-ray photons in the diagnostic range are dependent upon the ____
Incident electron kinetic energy
67
The energy of a bremsstrahlung is:
The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energies of incoming electrons
68
Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:
The force field around the nucleus
69
Characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:
An inner-shell electron
70
During a characteristic interaction, the kinetic energy of the incident electron must be ___ the electron it knocks from its orbit
Greater than
71
During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher energy state electron into a lower energy state “hole” results in the emission of:
A photon of electromagnetic energy
72
The energy of a characteristic photon is:
The difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped
73
At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ___ shell is missing an electron
Outermost
74
The k-shell can hold a MAXIMUM of ___ electrons
2
75
X-rays are characterized as:
Electromagnetic waves of : - short wavelength - high frequencies
76
The emission spectrum of an X-ray beam from the tungsten anode consists of:
- characteristic spike of 69keV - significant portion due to Brems - a mix of brems and characteristic
77
Electrons traveling from the cathode filament to the anode are called:
Incident electrons
78
Tungsten is the anode material of choice for X-ray production because of its:
Excellent k-edge value
79
What is thermal energy?
Emission of infrared energy
80
What is binding energy?
Energy exerted on electrons by the nucleus of an atom
81
Results from electrons interacting with the nuclear force field. What am I?
Bremsstrahlung Radiation
82
Energy that has ionizing potential and NO mass. What am I?
Electromagnetic energy

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