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PRE > X-Ray Production > Flashcards

X-Ray Production Flashcards

1
Q

How are x-ray photons produced?

A
  1. High speed electrons from the cathode strike the anode target
  2. Electrons transmit kinetic energy to the atoms of the target material
  3. Photons produced and emitted isotropically (in all directions)
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2
Q

Quantity (intensity) of the X-ray beam refers to the ____ of X-ray photons

A

Number of X-ray photons

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3
Q

mAs is the prime controller of

A

Quantity (intensity)

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4
Q

Quality is the ____ or penetrating ability of the X-ray beam

A

Energy

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5
Q

kvp is the prime controller of

A

Quality

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6
Q

Quality influences the number or _____ of the beam

A

Quantity

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7
Q

In general, with thicker or more dense body parts, we need to ____ the kvp to give the photons enough energy to penetrate the part

A

Increase

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8
Q

In general, with thicker or more dense body parts, we need to increase the kvp to give the (photons/electrons) _____ enough energy to penetrate the part

A

Photons

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9
Q

_____ the mAs will cause an increase in the number of electrons

A

Increasing (they are directly related)

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10
Q

Increasing the mAs will cause a/an ____ in the number of electrons

A

Increase (directly related)

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11
Q

Increasing the mAs will cause an increase in the number of _____ (photons/electrons)

A

Electrons

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12
Q

Decreasing the mAs will cause a ____ in the number of electrons

A

Decrease (directly related)

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13
Q

______ the mAs will cause a decrease in the number of electrons

A

Decreasing (directly related)

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14
Q

Decreasing the mAs will cause a decrease in the number of _____ (photons/electrons)

A

Electrons

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15
Q

kVp has _____ (what kind of effect) on the number of electrons

A

NO effect

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16
Q

kVp has NO EFFECT on the number of _____ (electrons/photons)

A

Electrons

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17
Q

kvp has NO effect on the _____ of electrons BUT does effect the SPEED of electrons

A

Number

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18
Q

Kvp DOES effect the _____ of the electron

A

Speed

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19
Q

Kvp DOES affect the speed of the ____ (electron/photon)

A

Electrons

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20
Q

Kvp _____ (does/does not) effect the speed of electrons

A

DOES

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21
Q

mAs and _____ (quantity/quality)

A

Quantity

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22
Q

kvp and _____ (quantity/quality)

A

Quality

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23
Q

What is the 15% rule?

A

Decreased by 15% = halving photons
Increased by 15% = doubling photons

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24
Q

mAs has ____ effect on the speed of electrons

A

NO effect

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25
Q

mAs has no effect on the _____ of the electrons

A

Speed

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26
Q

mAs has NO EFFECT on the speed of the _____ (electrons/photons)

A

Electrons

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27
Q

Electrons go about _____ miles/sec

A

93,000 (about half the speed of light)

Higher kvp = faster
Lower kvp = slower

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28
Q

_____ (electrons/photons) go about 93,000 miles/sec

A

Electrons

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29
Q

Special distribution/emission spectrum CHART shows what?

A

Indicates # of X-ray photons and their energies

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30
Q

Increasing kVp increases the _____ energy and the _____ energy (quality)

A

Average energy and peak energy

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31
Q

Increasing kVp increases the ____ of the x-ray photons (quantity)

A

Number

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32
Q

Increasing mAs increases the _____ of photons (quantity)

A

Number

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33
Q

Increasing mAs ____ the number of xray photons (quantity)

A

Increases

34
Q

Increasing kvp _____ the average energy and the peak energy (quality)

A

Increases

35
Q

Increasing kvp _____ the number of xray photons (quantity)

A

Increases

36
Q

More photons produce at every energy level when ____ is increased (kvp/mAs/both)

A

Both kvp and mAs

37
Q

More ____ (photons/electrons) are produced at every energy level when both kvp and mAs are increased

A

Photons

38
Q

Increasing mAs _____ (increases/decreases/does not affect) the quality (average energy and peak energy)

A

Does not affect

39
Q

In an x-ray beam the average energy is ____% to ____% of peak energy

A

30-40%

40
Q

Target interactions occur within ___ - ___ mm of the surface of the target

A

0.25 - 5 mm

41
Q

Electrons often experience ____ or more interactions

A

1,000

42
Q

_____ (photons/electrons) often experience 1,000 or more interactions

A

Electrons

43
Q

Over ____ % of the energy off the incident electrons is converted to heat

A

99.8% or 99%

44
Q

The higher the number in the nucleus the ___ (stronger/weaker) it is to bind

A

Stronger

45
Q

What is Tungsten’s atomic number

A

74

46
Q

What is rheniums atomic number

A

75

47
Q

What is binding energy?

A

Defined as the energy required to remove an electron from its orbit

48
Q

Binding energy is the energy required to remove
a/an (photon/electron) _____ from its orbit

A

Electron

49
Q

List two types of target interactions that can occur

A

Brems and characteristic

50
Q

The electrons closest to the nucleus (____-shell) have a binding energy of 70 kev

A

K-shell

51
Q

The electrons closest to the nucleus (k-shell) have a binding energy of ___ kev

A

70

52
Q

The electrons farthest from the nucleus (____-shell) have the lowest binding energy of .02 kev

A

P-shell

53
Q

The electrons farthest from the nucleus (p-shell) have the lowest energy of ____ kev

A

.02 kev

54
Q

True or False

The k-shell electron is much harder to remove than a p-shell electron

A

True

55
Q

List 2 types of target interactions:

A
  1. bremsstrahlung (brems)
  2. Characteristic
56
Q

What type of interaction is the majority of photons in the X-ray beam

A

Brems

57
Q

High energy comes close to the nucleus, then slows down and goes on its way. The closer it gets the more energy it leaves = photons

What am I?

A

Bremsstrahlung interaction

58
Q

Majority of photons are created with _____ (brems/characteristic)

A

Bremsstrahlung

59
Q

Occurs only when the incident electron interacts with an inner shell electron: ______ (brems/characteristic)

A

Characteristic Interaction

60
Q

Incident electrons must have enough ____ to knock an inner shell electron from its orbit (characteristic interaction)

A

Energy

61
Q

To stabilize, an electron from another shell will ____ (characteristic interactions)

A

Drop down filling the hole also known as characteristic cascade

62
Q

What is characteristic cascade?

A

When an electron from another shell drops down filling the empty “hole” and repeats itself until all layers but the outer one are full

63
Q

During X-ray production, almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to ___

A

Heat

64
Q

What percentage of target interaction results in the production of X-ray photons?

A

1%

65
Q

The transfer of the incident electrons kinetic energy to the outer-shell electrons, causing vibration of the outer-shell electron, results in the emission of ____

A

Infrared radiation

66
Q

The types of target interaction that occur in the production of X-ray photons in the diagnostic range are dependent upon the ____

A

Incident electron kinetic energy

67
Q

The energy of a bremsstrahlung is:

A

The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energies of incoming electrons

68
Q

Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:

A

The force field around the nucleus

69
Q

Characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with:

A

An inner-shell electron

70
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the kinetic energy of the incident electron must be ___ the electron it knocks from its orbit

A

Greater than

71
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher energy state electron into a lower energy state “hole” results in the emission of:

A

A photon of electromagnetic energy

72
Q

The energy of a characteristic photon is:

A

The difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped

73
Q

At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ___ shell is missing an electron

A

Outermost

74
Q

The k-shell can hold a MAXIMUM of ___ electrons

A

2

75
Q

X-rays are characterized as:

A

Electromagnetic waves of :

  • short wavelength
  • high frequencies
76
Q

The emission spectrum of an X-ray beam from the tungsten anode consists of:

A
  • characteristic spike of 69keV
  • significant portion due to Brems
  • a mix of brems and characteristic
77
Q

Electrons traveling from the cathode filament to the anode are called:

A

Incident electrons

78
Q

Tungsten is the anode material of choice for X-ray production because of its:

A

Excellent k-edge value

79
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Emission of infrared energy

80
Q

What is binding energy?

A

Energy exerted on electrons by the nucleus of an atom

81
Q

Results from electrons interacting with the nuclear force field. What am I?

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

82
Q

Energy that has ionizing potential and NO mass. What am I?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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