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Filtratrion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of FILTRATION?

A

Eliminates undesirable low energy X-ray photons by absorbing materials into the primary beam

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2
Q

What is the Half Value Layer? (HVL)

A

Amount of filtration needed to reduce the beam to half of its original intensity

Below 51 = 0..5 Al/Eq
51-70 = 1.5 Al/Eq
Above 70 = 2.5 Al/Eq

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3
Q

What is the standard filtering material?

A

Aluminum (Al/Eq)
(Al/Eq = Aluminum Equivalency)

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4
Q

In x-ray machines that operate between 51-70 kvp, the minimum amount of required filtration is?

A

1.5 Al/Eq

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5
Q

In x-ray machines that operate below 51 kvp, the minimum amount of required filtration is?

A

0.5 Al/Eq

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6
Q

A filter made of one or more material is called?

A

Compound Filter

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7
Q

In x-ray machines that operate above 70 kvp the minimum amount of required filtration is?

A

2.5 Al/Eq

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8
Q

Increasing the thickness of a filter will _____ patient dose

(Increase, decrease, not affect)

A

Decrease

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9
Q

Any material designed to selectively absorb photons from the X-ray beam is called a ?

A

Filter

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10
Q

Thoraeus filter combines these 3 materials
(List all 3)

A
  1. Tin
  2. Copper
  3. Aluminum
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11
Q

Filtration that is a result of the composition of the tube and housing is called ?

A

Inherent Filtration

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12
Q

Which material can be used as a compensating filter material? (List all 3)

A
  1. Clear Pb or plastics
  2. Saline
  3. Aluminum
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13
Q

Problems of uneven image receptor exposure due to heel effect is solved by a ___ ?

A

Compensating Filter

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14
Q

How do you find the average energy?

A

Add up all of the photons and divide by the # of photons

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15
Q

Does peak energy ever change?

A

No

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16
Q

Should the average energy be higher or lower than the original intensity after filtering?

A

Higher

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17
Q

True or False
The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient

A

True

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18
Q

Does filtering soften or harden?

A

Harden

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19
Q

What is total filtration?

A

The sum of inherent and added filtration

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20
Q

When more than one filtering material is used, as in a compound filter, how are the materials arranged in relationship to the X-ray source?

A

Compound filters place the HIGHEST atomic number material closest to the tube and the LOWEST atomic number material closest to the patient

The final layer is aluminum

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21
Q

What is the final layer?

A

Aluminum

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22
Q

What is aluminum’s atomic number?

A

13

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23
Q

Filtration hardens or softens the X-ray beam?

24
Q

What is the purpose of filtration?

A

To protect the patient

25
Filtration ____ the average energy of the X-ray beam (Increases, decreases, doesn’t affect)
Increases
26
Filtration _____ the peak energy of the X-ray beam (Increases, decreases, doesn’t affect)
Doesn’t affect
27
Filtration _____ the intensity of the X-ray beam (Decreases, increases, doesn’t affect)
Decreases
28
Filter that reduces intensity of x-ray beam to half its initial amount is called ?
Half value layer (HVL)
29
The sum of inherent and added filtration is called?
Total Filtration
30
List 5 types of filtration
1. Inherent 2. Added 3. Total 4. Compound 5. Compensating
31
Any filtration that occurs on the outside of the tube and housing and before the image receptor is called ?
Added filtration
32
What kind of compensating filter can be used when radiographing the lungs and mediastinum?
Trough
33
Which curve on the chart is considered filtration?
The smaller one
34
The atomic number 13 is ____?
Aluminum
35
In mammography tubes, the glass window or the tube is replaced with ____ to reduce patient skin exposure.
Beryllium
36
What is added filtration?
Any filtration that occurs outside of the tube and housing
37
What is the collimators average Al/Eq for added filtration?
1mm
38
Where does most of the filtration come from in added filtration?
The silver of the mirror
39
What is inherent filtration?
The result of the composition of the tube and housing
40
What does inherent filtration consist of? (What parts are considered filtering)
1. Thickness of glass envelope (most comes from here) 2. Dielectric oil 3. Glass window
41
Where does most filtration come from with inherent filtration?
Window of the glass envelope
42
Total inherent filtration = ____ Al/Eq
0.5 - 1mm Al/Eq
43
Tube aging _____ inherent filtration (Decreases, increases, doesn’t affect)
Increases
44
What is compensating filtration?
Designed to solve a problem involving unequal subject DENSITIES
45
Is compensating filtration a radiation protection device?
NO
46
List 2 of the most popular compensating filters
1. Wedge filter 2. Trough filter
47
How does filtration affect patient dose and beam intensity?
1. Filtration reduces patient exposure dose by eliminating low energy X-ray photons from the primary beam 2. To compensate for loss of exposure; when filtration is increased, technical factors must be increased to maintain the same image receptor exposure
48
To compensate for loss of exposure, when filtration is _____, technical factors must be _____ to maintain the same image receptor exposure (Decrease, increase)
Increase, increase
49
The layer farthest from the patient and closest to the source is made up of _____ ?
Copper
50
The highest atomic number material is closest to the ____?
Tube (far from patient)
51
The lowest atomic number material is closest to the ____?
Patient
52
What is compound filtration?
When 2 or more materials in 1 filter that compliment one another in their absorbing abilities
53
What does each layer absorb in compound filtration?
Each layer absorbs characteristic photons created by the previous layer
54
What is compound filtration also referred to as?
K-edge
55
Give me 2 different definitions of filtration
1. Process of eliminating undesirable low X-ray photons by absorbing materials into primary beam OR 2. Process of increasing the average energy of the X-ray beam by taking out low energy X-rays (Also known as hardening)
56
Not only does filtration reduce patient exposure dose by eliminating low-energy photons from the primary x-ray beam, it also removes a portion of the useful beam. To compensate for the loss of film density when filtration is increased, technical factors must be (decreased/increased/not changed) _____________________________________________ to maintain the same radiographic density.
Increased
57
In order to produce a uniform density radiograph of anatomy that has different thicknesses and/or different subject densities a (n) ________________filter should be used.
Compensating

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