X-Ray Production Flashcards
A _____, ____, and ____ is needed to produce radiation
A SOURCE OF ELECTRONS, ACCELERATION OF ELECTRONS, and DECELERATION OF ELECTRONS is needed to produce radiation
- ____ provides the source of electrons
- ____ accelerates the electrons
- the ___ stops the electrons
- CATHODE provides the source of electrons
- HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT accelerates the electrons
- the TARGET stops the electrons
Kinetic energy is the ___ of ___ from the ___ to ___ the ___
Kinetic energy is the MOVING of ELECTRONS from the FILAMENT to STRIKE the TARGET
The distance between the ____ to ___ is ___cm
The distance between the CATHODE to ANODE is 2cm
The _____ are traveling at ________ and they travel approximately ____cm to _____ or ____ the target.
These ____ electrons are called ____ or ____ electrons
The ELECTRONS are traveling at HALF THE SPEED OF LIGHT and they travel approximately 2cm to STRIKE or HIT the target.
These INCOMING electrons are called PROJECTILE or INCIDENT electrons
X-ray photons are produced when ________ are ____ from the _____ at the _____ of the x-ray ___ they will travel and _____ the ____ of the ___ target
All interactions will occur at the _____ (______ field, ____, ____)
X-ray photons are produced when HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS are FREED from the FILAMENT WIRE at the CATHODE SIDE of the x-ray TUBE they will travel and STRIKE the ATOMS of the ANODE target
All interactions will occur at the ATOMIC LEVEL (NUCLEAR FORCE field, ELECTRONS, NUCLEUS)
- The incoming electrons are called _________ (______ energy)
- The greater the ____ of the _____ electrons, the ____ the _____ and ____ of ____ are produced
- The incoming electrons are called PROJECTILE OR INCIDENT ELECTRONS (KINETIC energy)
- The greater the SPEED of the INCIDENT/PROJECTILE electrons, the GREATER the ENERGY and NUMBER of PHOTONS are produced
- Target interactions all occur within ___-___mm of ____
- Remember: ____ of the ___ will reduce _____
- The 3 interactions that will happen at the target are ____, _____, and ____.
- Target interactions all occur within .25 - .5mm of TARGET SURFACE
- Remember: PITTING of the TARGET will reduce RADIATION OUTPUT
- The 3 interactions that will happen at the target are HEAT PRODUCTION, BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION, and CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION.
- Heat Production
- Heat production is when ____ of the _____ kinetic energy is ____ to ____
- _____ transfer some of their ______ to ______ of the _____ atoms
- the _______ are excited by the ____ energy from the ____
- this causes the atoms to: emit ______ (heat) and ____ the ____
- Heat Production
- Heat production is when 99+% of the INCIDENT ELECTRONS’ kinetic energy is CONVERTED to HEAT
- INCIDENT ELECTRONS transfer some of their KINETIC ENERGY to OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS of the TARGET atoms
- the ATOMS’ ELECTRON(S) are excited by the KINETIC energy from the INCIDENT ELECTRON
- this causes the atoms to: emit INFRARED RADIATION (heat) and HEAT UP the TARGET
- Radiation Production
- radiation production is when ____ of the ____ kinetic ____ is ____ into ___
- the 2 types of x-ray energy are _______ and ______
- the types of x-ray energy created depends on: _____ electron’s ____ energy and the ____ energy of the _____ electron shell
- Radiation Production
- radiation production is when <1% of the INCIDENT ELECTRONS’ kinetic ENERGY is CONVERTED into RADIATION
- the 2 types of x-ray energy are CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION and BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
- the types of x-ray energy created depends on: INCIDENT electron’s KINETIC energy and the BINDING energy of the TARGET electron shell
What are the 2 types of x-ray energy?
- Characteristic radiation
- Bremsstrahlung radation
Bremsstrahlung “Brems” or General Radiation
- German word for ______ or ______
- Because the ______ has a ______ charge, there is ________ between _______
- The strong nuclear force - keeps them _____ and __________
- Incident electron interacts with _________ of the ______ and ___ energy. This ______ is emitted as ________
Bremsstrahlung “Brems” or General Radiation
- German word for BRAKING or SLOWING
- Because the NUCLEI has a POSITIVE charge, there is MUTUAL ATTRACTION between THE TWO CHARGES
- The strong nuclear force - keeps them APART and DEFLECTS INCIDENT ELECTRON
- Incident electron interacts with FORCE FIELD of the NUCLEUS and LOSES energy. This LOST ENERGY is emitted as X-RAY PHOTON
Brems Radiation
- The __________ path to the _______ can result in __________ x-ray _______:
- The ________the ______ with the _____, the _____ (______ wavelength) or Brems radiation
- The ______/________ the ______ angle of the ______, the _______ (____ wavelength) or Brems radiation energy
Brems Radiation
- The ELECTRONS’ path to the NUCLEUS can result in DIFFERENT x-ray ENERGIES:
- The CLOSER the INTERACTION with the NUCLEI, the HIGHER ENERGY (SHORTER wavelength) or Brems radiation
- The LARGER/GREATER the DEFLECTION angle of the INCIDENT ELECTRON, the HIGHER THE ENERGY (SHORTER wavelength) or Brems radiation energy
Brems Radiation
-Direct interaction between ______ and _______
- possible but _______
- maximum ________
Brems Radiation
-Direct interaction between NUCLEUS and INCIDENT ELECTRON
- possible but NOT PROBABLE
- maximum ENERGY PHOTON
Brems Radiation Interactions
- Result is: _____________
- accounts for ___-___% of ____
- _______ dependent on how close _____ comes to _____ and ________
NOTE: The _______ can continue to _____ with many different ______ before ______ to join the _______
Brems Radiation Interactions
- Result is: X-RAY PHOTON PRODUCTION
- accounts for 85-100% of BEAM
- PHOTON ENERGY dependent on how close ELECTRON comes to NUCLEUS and GREATER DEFLECTION
NOTE: The PROJECTILE ELECTRON can continue to INTERACT with many different ATOMS before LOSING ENOUGH ENERGY to join the CURRENT FLOW
Characteristic Radiation
- Incident electron interacts or ____ with an _______ or _______
- ______ energy of the projectile must overcome _____ energy of the _____ shell and _____/____ an ____ from its ____. This leaves a “_____” in the _____ now called ______.
^^^^ this causes the process of _____
- _______ continues in ______ direction and can ____ with other ____
Characteristic Radiation
- Incident electron interacts or COLLIDES with an INNER SHELL or K-SHELL ELECTRON
- KINETIC energy of the projectile must overcome BINDING energy of the ORBITAL shell and KNOCKS/EJECTS an ELECTRON from its ORBITAL SHELL. This leaves a “HOLE” in the K SHELL now called “PHOTOELECTRON”.
^^^^ this causes the process of IONIZATION
- INCIDENT ELECTRONS continues in SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT direction and can INTERACT with other ATOMS
Characteristic Cascade
- the “____” in _____ and must be ______ by an ____ from _____
- _______ energy ______
- ________ produced (when atom unstable)
- only _____ that drops into _____ will contribute to _____ or _____ beam
Characteristic Cascade
- the “HOLE” in INNER SHELL and must be FILLED by an ELECTRON from OUTER SHELL
- ELECTRON energy DIFFERENCE
- SECONDARY PHOTONS produced (when atom unstable)
- only ELECTRON that drops into K-SHELL will contribute to PRIMARY or USEFUL beam
K Shell Hit
When an _____ hits the _____ out from it’s _____, this _____ has _____ that it may cause further ______ before it _____ enough ____ to become part of _____________.
K Shell Hit
When an INCIDENT ELECTRON hits the K-SHELL out from it’s POSITION, this ELECTRON has SUFFICIENT ENERGY that it may cause further INTERACTION before it LOSES enough ENERGY to become part of CURRENT FLOW.
Emission Spectrum
- ____ and _________ combined
- selected ____ will determine the maximum _____ possible for any _______
Emission Spectrum
- BREMS and CHARACTERISTIC EMISSIONS combined
- selected KVP will determine the maximum KEV possible for any PHOTON
_______ is selected for the target due to the _________ of _____
- allows for the (tube?) to produce a relatively __________
TUNGSTEN METAL is selected for the target due to the HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER of 74
- allows for the (tube?) to produce a relatively HIGH ENERGY BEAM
Emission Spectrum
- average _____ is approximately ___-____% of ________
- ______ peaks at _____ and _____ keV
-_____ output due to ___ potential change to ___ or ____
Emission Spectrum
- average KEV is approximately 30-40% of SELECTED KVP
- CHARACTERISTIC peaks at 69 and 59 keV
-INCREASED output due to TUBE potential change to 69 or 70
Emission Spectrum
- changes in _____
- changes ________ and average _____
- due to an ______ in _____ provided to ______
- ______ increase in _____ striking the ______
- changes in the ____ will ____ to _____ of ____ off the _____
Emission Spectrum
- changes in KVP
- changes BEAM AMPLITUDE and average ENERGY
- due to an INCREASE in KINETIC ENERGY provided to INCIDENT ELECTRONS
- NO increase in ELECTRONS striking the TARGET
- changes in the MAS will CONTRIBUTE to INCREASE of ELECTRONS off the FILAMENT
Incident Electrons Interacts With…
- Whole atom results in:
- K shell electron results in:
- Energy force of nucleus results in:
Incident Electrons Interacts With…
- Whole atom results in: HEAT 99%
- K shell electron results in: 1% LEFT SO CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION (10-20%)
- Energy force of nucleus results in: BREMS RADIATION (80-90%)
Summary
- ______ to x-ray _____ in the _____
- ______ target interaction
- ________ target interaction
- _________ K shell ___ production as ______ radiation
Summary
- CONVERSION to x-ray PHOTON ENERGY in the X-RAY TUBE
- BREMSSTRAHLUNG target interaction
- CHARACTERISTIC target interaction
- CHARACTERISTIC K shell PHOTON production as SECONDARY radiation
