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Principles of Radiographic Exposure > Recorded Detail/Spatial Resolution > Flashcards

Recorded Detail/Spatial Resolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are other terms used for recorded detail?

A

Sharpness, detail, definition

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2
Q

Recorded Detail

The ability of a system to ___ record the ___ ___ of the object you are imaging.

Are the structural lines ___ or ___?

A

Recorded Detail

The ability of a system to accurately record the structural lines of the object you are imaging.

Are the structural lines sharp or blurry?

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3
Q

Spatial Resolution

  • Ability of an imaging system to accurately display objects in ___ ___.
  • With the digital image shown on a ___ this has slightly changed the ___.
  • The Digital Imaging courses will go into further information for the digital images.
A

Spatial Resolution

  • Ability of an imaging system to accurately display objects in two dimensions.
  • With the digital image shown on a monitor this has slightly changed the definition.
  • The Digital Imaging courses will go into further information for the digital images.
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4
Q

Assessing Recorded Detail

  • ___ of ___
  • ___ ___ Test measured in ___ per ___ (lp/mm)
  • ___ ___ Test
A

Assessing Recorded Detail

  • Unit of resolution
  • Line Pairs Test Measured in lines per millimeter (lp/mm)
  • Star Pattern Test
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5
Q

What 3 categories affect recorded detail?

A
  1. Motion
  2. Material(s)
  3. Geometric
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6
Q

Motion

Motion unsharpness is the most detrimental factor contributing to a lack of ___ ___ or ___.

A

Motion

Motion unsharpness is the most detrimental factor contributing to a lack of image definition or sharpness.

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7
Q

Effects on Image Appearance

Images lacking fine detail appear ___

Assessment of motion

A

Effects on Image Appearance

Images lacking fine detail appear blurry

Assessment of motion

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of motion?

A
  1. Voluntary motion
  2. Involuntary motion
  3. Equiptment motion
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9
Q

What can help with involuntary motion?

A
  • Exposure time reduction
  • Immobilization
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10
Q

You must control motion

  • Explain the exam to the patient. Must take in the patient’s ___ into consideration
  • How do you talk to an ___ patient vs a ___?

Use ___ devices if necessary. ___, ___, ___ ___.

A

You must control motion

  • Explain the exam to the patient. Must take in the patient’s age into consideration
  • How do you talk to an elderly patient vs a child?

Use immobilization devices if necessary. Tape, sandbags, lead aprons.

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11
Q

Motion

  • ____ exposure time needed
  • 100 MA at .10
  • 200 MA at .05
  • 400 MA at .025

Which would be the best to use: All factors = 10 mAs

A

Motion

Reduce exposure time needed

  • 100 MA at .10
  • 200 MA at .05

• 400 MA at .025

Which would be the best to use: All factors = 10 mAs

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12
Q

Motion

use a ___ speed film/screen combination if needed

Look at the ___/____ relationship if needed.
▲KVP by ___% - cut mAs in ___

  • ex. 20 MAS at 60 KVP
  • 400 mA at .05 sec. at 60 KVP
  • 400 mA at 0.025 sec. at 69 KVP
A

Motion

use a higher speed film/screen combination if needed

Look at the KVP/mAs relationship if needed.
▲KVP by 15% - cut mAs in half

  • ex. 20 MAS at 60 KVP
  • 400 mA at .05 sec. at 60 KVP
  • 400 mA at 0.025 sec. at 69 KVP
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13
Q

What are 3 things that can contribute to material unsharpness?

A

Type of film, intensifying screens, film/screen contact

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14
Q

Type of Film

___ speed = ___ detail (___ crystals and ___ emulsion)

___ speed = ___ detail (___ crystals and ___ emulsion)

A

Type of Film

Slow speed = more detail (smaller crystals and thinner emulsion)

Fast speed = less detail (larger crystals and thick emulsion)

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15
Q

Type/Speed of Intensifying Screens

non-screen or cardboard – ___ detail because ___ light is given off during the exposure.

Slow Screen speed = ___ detail - ___ crystals – ___ light is given off during the exposure.

___ layer - ___ detail because ___ light is given off during the exposure.

A

Type/Speed of Intensifying Screens

non-screen or cardboard – better detail because no light is given off during the exposure.

Slow Screen speed = Better detail - smaller crystals – less light is given off during the exposure.

Thinner layer - Better detail because less light is given off during the exposure.

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16
Q

Fast Screen Speed

Fast Screen speed = ___ detail (___ light is given off during the exposure)

  • ___ crystals – ___ light is given off during the exposure
  • Thick layer – ___ light
A

Fast Screen Speed

Fast Screen speed = decrease detail (more light is given off during the exposure)

  • larger crystals – more light is given off during the exposure
  • Thick layer – more light
17
Q

Radiographic Noise

is an undesirable ___ in the ___ ___ of the image. You can have “noise” on a radiographic film, TV monitor, digital images or CT monitor.

Compare - audio and video noise as “snow”.

A

Radiographic Noise

is an undesirable fluctuation in the optical density of the image. You can have “noise” on a radiographic film, TV monitor, digital images or CT monitor.

Compare - audio and video noise as “snow”.

18
Q

What are the 3 terms to describe radiographic noise?

A

Film graininess, structural mottle, and quantum mottle

19
Q

Radiographic Noise

  1. Film graininess-refers to the distribution in ___ and ___ of the ___ ___ crystals in the ___ layer.
  2. Structural Mottle similar to film graininess, but it refers to the construction of the ___ layer of the ___ screens. (Both are ___ in the film/screen combinations and the radiographers has ___ control over these factors)
  3. Quantum Mottle - refers to the ___ nature in which x-rays interact with the ___.
A

Radiographic Noise

  1. Film graininess-refers to the distribution in size and space of the silver halide crystals in the emulsion layer.
  2. Structural Mottle similar to film graininess, but it refers to the construction of the phosphor layer of the intensifying screens. (Both are inherent in the film/screen combinations and the radiographers has no control over these factors)
  3. Quantum Mottle - refers to the random nature in which x-rays interact with the IR.
20
Q

Digital – if your technique is set too ___ (___) for the particular body part = ___ image

Digital Images = Poor ___ to ___ Ratio refers to ___ IR radiation exposure (___ image).

A

Digital – if your technique is set too low (underexposed) for the particular body part = grainy image

Digital Images = Poor Signal to Noise Ratio refers to low IR radiation exposure (underexposed image).

21
Q

As a General Rule:

fast image receptor have ___ radiographic noise and ___ resolution.

___ resolution requires ___ noise and ___ image receptors.

Digital Systems: signal to noise ratio: *___ signal – ___ noise

A

As a General Rule:

fast image receptor have high radiographic noise and low resolution.

high resolution requires low noise and slow image receptors.

Digital Systems: signal to noise ratio: *high signal – low noise

22
Q

Film Screen Contact

___ ___ test

A

Film Screen Contact

Wire Mesh test

23
Q

What are the 3 geometric factors?

A
  1. FSS
  2. OID
  3. SID
24
Q

Distances

A

Distances

25
Q

Focal Spot Size

___ the FSS – the ___ the sharpness of detail

A

Focal Spot Size

Smaller the FSS – the better the sharpness of detail

26
Q

OID

You want the object of interest as ___ to the image receptor as possible (the closer, the ___).

As the OID increases, you will ___ the detail. (___)

A

OID

You want the object of interest as close to the image receptor as possible (the closer, the sharper).

As the OID increases, you will decrease the detail. (Magnification)

27
Q

SID

Teleoroentgenography – 72” SID will be using the ___ portion of the primary beam.

“___ to size”

A

SID

Teleoroentgenography – 72” SID will be using the parallel portion of the primary beam.

“True to size”

28
Q

What are 2 terms to describe area of unsharpness?

A
  1. Penumbra
  2. Umbra
29
Q

Penumbra and Umbra

Penumbra is the area of ___ around the recorded ___ of the object.

Umbra is the area of ___ around the recorded ___ of the object.

A

Penumbra and Umbra

Penumbra is the area of unsharpness around the recorded edges of the object.

Umbra is the area of sharpness around the recorded edges of the object.

30
Q
A
31
Q

Assessing Recorded Detail

kVp and mAs doesn’t control ___ ___

A

Assessing Recorded Detail

kVp and mAs doesn’t control structural lines

32
Q

Using the 3 geometric factors – what combination would give you the BEST detail?

A
  • Small FSS
  • Short OID
  • Long SID
33
Q

What is the formula for penumbra?

A

Penumbra = effective FSS x OID/SOD

(SID-OID= SOD)

34
Q

Digital Image Receptor Systems

Image processing system ___ recorded detail

Spatial resolution is dependent on:

  • ___ and ___ ___
  • ___ ___
  • ___ ___ ___ ___
A

Digital Image Receptor Systems

Image processing system limits recorded detail

Spatial resolution is dependent on:

  • Acquisition and display matrix
  • Pixel size
  • Gray scale bit depth
35
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

​Spatial Resolution

36
Q

Spatial Frequency

___ frequency signal (better)

Determined by measuring ___ between ___ of ___ distinct from one another

A

Spatial Frequency

High frequency signal (better)

Determined by measuring distance between pairs of lines distinct from one another

37
Q

Noise

___ information received by ___ ___

Quantum noise is also called ___ ___

___ signal and ___ noise = good image

A

Noise

Background information received by image receptor

Quantum noise is also called quantum mottle

High signal and low noise = good image

Principles of Radiographic Exposure (18 decks)

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