Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Radiographic Exposure > Film > Flashcards

Film Flashcards

1
Q

What type of film remains the least common radiographic image receptor used today?

A

Photosensitive film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Manufacturing of radiographic film has to be very precise and high quality procedure in order to prevent what on the radiographic image?

A

Artifacts (unwanted objects on film)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the radiographic film construction?

A
  1. Base
  2. Adhesive Layer
  3. Emulsion
  4. Supercoat (overcoat - protective layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • What does the base do?
  • What is the base made out of (4)?
A
  • The base provides a structure for the emulsion layer

Made out of:

  • Glass (What Roentgen used)
  • Cellulose Nitrate (very flammable and caused hospital fires)
  • Cellulose Triacetate (non-flammable but expensive)
  • Polyester (still used today)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must the foundation of the radiographic film be?

A
  • Flexible
  • Uniformly radiolucent
  • Durable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Film must retain its size and shape from…

A
  • Radiation exposure
  • Wet chemical processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thickness of the foundation of the radiographic film ranges from ___ - ___ micrometers.

A

Thickness of the foundation of the radiographic film ranges from 150-200 micrometers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the film base usually tinted?

What color is it tinted?

A

To reduce eye strain for the radiologist while reading the film

Tinted blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The film base is also covered with a special substance to prevent what?

What is this called?

A

Light from one screen crossing over to the other

“Crossover effect”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The adhesive layer is a ___ coating of the “___” that is applied to the base to hold the ___ (active) layer on the base.

A

The adhesive layer is a thin coating of the “glue” that is applied to the base to hold the emulsion (active) layer on the base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The emulsion layer responds to what 2 things that strike it?

A

Light or radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The emulsion layer is also called the “heart of the film”.

What are the 2 parts of the emulsion layer?

A

Gelatin and silver halide crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does gelatin do (in the emulsion layer)?

A

Supports the crystals and distributes crystals evenly on film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are silver halide crystals (emulsion layer)?

What is it made up of (%)?

A

Active ingredients of the emulsion layer

made up of:

  • silver bromide - 95-98%
  • silver iodine - less than 5%
  • silver chloride
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean when a film is a double emulsion film or duplitized film?

A

Emulsion layer on both sides of the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of film gave the best detail?

What modems used it?

A

Single emulsion film

Mammography, CT, MRI

17
Q

Describe the dull and shiny side on a single emulsion film?

A

Dull = emulsion side

Shiny = base side

18
Q

What layer of the film is the protective layer/protects all the other layers in a wet or dry stage?

A

Supercoat

19
Q

What does the supercoat layer prevent during film processing or handling of the film?

What is added to prevent static artifacts on the film?

A

Prevents scratches and abrasions

Antistatic agent

20
Q

What are the 4 steps to manufacture the radiographic film?

Where must it take place?

A
  1. Crystal Production
  2. Ripening
  3. Mixing
  4. Coating

Must take place in total darkness

21
Q

Silver bromide crystals production is performed in total darkness.

What combination forms silver bromide crystals?

A

Silver nitrate and potassium bromide mixed with gelatin

22
Q

Crystal Classification and Shapes

Silver halide crystals are ___% silver bromide and ___% silver iodide

What are tabular shape used most commonly for?

What are the advantages of tabular shape (CAS)?

A
  • Silver halide crystals are 98% silver bromide and 2% silver iodide
  • General radiography

Advantages:

  • Can use thinner emulsion (flat-triangular)
  • Absorbs more photons
  • Speed up processing
23
Q

Silver Halide Crystal Structure

  • Resulting shape can be…
  • However, the inner structure takes on a ___ form or cubic lattice
  • Each ___ or ___ is a cubic lattice
  • The lattice is strongly bound together by strong ___ bonds (Silver, ___, and ___)
  • The cubic lattice allows for free silver ___ and free ___ to ___ through the lattice
  • ___ is added to the lattice (forms the ___ speck in each cubic lattice)
  • Acts as ___ to ___ the free silver ___
A

Silver Halide Crystal Structure

  • Resulting shape can be many varying forms
  • However, the inner structure takes on a cubic form or cubic lattice
  • Each crystal or grain is a cubic lattice
  • The lattice is strongly bound together by strong ionic bonds (Silver, bromine, and iodine)
  • The cubic lattice allows for free silver atoms and free electrons to drift through the lattice
  • Gold-silver sulfide is added to the lattice (forms the sensitivity speck in each cubic lattice)
  • Acts as electrodes to attract the free silver ions
24
Q

When is the time where the silver halides are allowed to grow?

The size of the crystals determines their what?

Which crystals are more sensitive to light or radiation?

Which crystals are less sensitive to light or radiation?

A
  • Ripening stage (silver halides allowed to grow)
  • Photosensitivity (what size of crystals determine)
  • Larger crystals more sensitive to light or radiation
  • Smaller crystals are less sensitive to light or radiation
25
Q

Mixing Stage

Additives are added to the emulsion

Spectual matching is ___ to match the ___ to the screen’s visual color - “glow” given off by the ___.

What do hardeners do?

What stops the growth of organisms in the wet processor?

What decreases the sensitivity to environmental factors (heat, cold)?

A

Spectual matching is colored dyes to match the wavelenghts to the screen’s visual color - “glow” given off by the intensifying screen.

  • Hardeners prevent physical damage
  • Bactericides and fungicides stop growth of organisms in wet processor
  • Antifogging agents decrease sensitivity to environmental factors (heat, cold)
26
Q

What is the last stage of film manufacturing?

What happens during this process?

This process requires extreme precision.

Then the film is ready to use!

A
  • Coating stage
  • Emulsion layer applied/glued on the base
27
Q

Formation of the latent image

What happens when a light or radiation photon strikes a silver halide crystal?

What is caught or attracted to the sensitivity speck?

What will the electron (that has a negative charge) attract?

A single photon may free thousands of electrons for what?

What must be deposited for a black metallic silver crystal to be formed by chemical development of the latent image?

The more black metallic silver crystal created at the sensitivity specks, the…

A
  • Its energy removes an electron from the atom.
  • The free electron
  • The positive silver ions
  • Deposition at sensitivity specks
  • At least 3 silver atoms
  • The more black metallic silver crystal created at the sensitivity specks, the darker the image
28
Q

Types of Film

Direct exposure or nonscreen film: ____is used to expose the film. Used in ___ radiography, ___, and exams needing ___.

Intensifying film or screen film: ___-___% of the radiographic image is made with ___ given off by ___.

  • Can be purchased with a variety of ___, ___ ranges, film ___ and ___.
A

Types of Film

Direct exposure or nonscreen film: ONLY RADIATION is used to expose the film. Used in dental radiography, hands, and exams needing best detail.

Intensifying film or screen film: 95-99% of the radiographic image is made with light given off by intensifying screens.

  • Can be purchased with a variety of speeds, contrast ranges, film latitude and resolutions.
29
Q

Special Application Film

M

D

C

L

D

F

A

Special Application Film

Mammography

Detail extremity radiography

CRT imaging

Laser

Duplication

Fluoroscopic spot

30
Q

Film Speed: (Emulsion Layer and Size)

___ the emulsion layers, the MORE sensitive to light so ___ the speed of the film

___ the emulsion layers, LESS sensitive to light so ___ the speed of the film

Size of Crystals

___ the crystal size, the MORE sensitive to light so ___ the speed of the film

___ the crystal size, the LESS sensitive to light so __ the speed of the film

Resolution or Detail

___ the emulsion = less detail

___ the emulsion = better detail

___ the crystal size = less detail

___ the crystal size = better detail

Contrast and Film Latitude

Larger crystal and thicker emulsion = ___ contrast film and ___ latitude

Smaller crystal and thinner emulsion = ___ contrast film and ___ latitude

A

Film Speed: (Emulsion Layer and Size)

Thicker the emulsion layers, the MORE sensitive to light so faster the speed of the film

Thinner the emulsion layers, LESS sensitive to light so slower the speed of the film

Size of Crystals

Larger the crystal size, the MORE sensitive to light so faster the speed of the film

Smaller the crystal size, the LESS sensitive to light so slower the speed of the film

Resolution or Detail

Thicker the emulsion = less detail

Thinner the emulsion = better detail

Larger the crystal size = less detail

Smaller the crystal size = better detail

Contrast and Film Latitude

Larger crystal and thicker emulsion = lower contrast film and wider latitude

Smaller crystal and thinner emulsion = higher contrast film and narrow latitude

31
Q

Film Storage and Handling

Prior to exposure:

Should be stored ___

Age: See ___

Heat: Must be store below ___°F (___°C)

Humidity: ___-___%

Light: No light ___ in cassette

Radiation: Protect film from ___

Exposed film is very ___ to even ___ exposures of radiation!

A

Film Storage and Handling

Prior to exposure:

Should be stored on end vertically

Age: See expiration dates

Heat: Must be store below 68°F (20°C)

Humidity: 30-60%

Light: No light leaks in cassette

Radiation: Protect film from radiation exposure

Exposed film is very sensitive to even small exposures of radiation!

32
Q

Film Identification

Each exposure must include medical record information

  • ___ of exposure
  • ___ of patient
  • Name of ___
  • Name of ___
  • Patient ___ number
  • Type of ___
A

Film Identification

Each exposure must include medical record information

  • Date of exposure
  • Name of patient
  • Name of institution
  • Name of ordering physician
  • Patient identification number
  • Type of exam
33
Q

Legal Medical Record = Patient Films

It is the legal responsibility of the ___ to make sure the radiographic images are correctly marked!

A

Legal Medical Record = Patient Films

It is the legal responsibility of the radiographers to make sure the radiographic images are correctly marked!

Principles of Radiographic Exposure (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions